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(MultiCom jingle)

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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
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(tense music)

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-  The Jewish
question still exists.

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It would be foolish to deny it.

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It is a remnant of the middle ages

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which civilized nations do not even yet

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seem to be able to shake
off try as they will.

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Attacks in Parliament, in
assemblies, in the press,

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in the pulpit, in the street

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become daily more numerous.

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In countries where we
have lived for centuries

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we are still cried down as strangers.

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Oppression and persecution
cannot exterminate us.

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No nation on Earth has
survived such struggles

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and sufferings as we have gone through.

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Distress binds us together,

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and thus united we suddenly
discover our strength.

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Yes we are strong enough to form a state,

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and indeed a model state.

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We possess all human
and material resources

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necessary for the purpose.

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The idea which I have developed in

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this pamphlet is a very old one.

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It is the restoration of the Jewish state.

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The world resounds with
outcries against the Jews,

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and these outcries have
awakened the slumbering idea.

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-  These words
were written in 1895

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almost 120 years ago.

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They were part of a pamphlet entitled

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"The Judenstaat" or "The Jewish State".

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The author was a 36 year
old Viennese journalist,

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and playwright named Theodor Herzl.

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In 1895 what Theodor Herzl was proposing

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seemed, even to his
supporters, an impossible goal.

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But to all who insisted it was a fantasy

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Theodor Herzl had this to say

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if you will it it is no dream.
(elated music)

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(birds chirping)

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- Herzl was the first
name that I can remember

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because the king wrote the truth.

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I mean

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it was a King without a kingdom,

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and a prince without a people.

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But it touched the most
important thing in Jewish life.

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And he said faith,

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spirit,

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flames, legend.

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And it's an honorable story.

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(calm music)

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- In 1894, Theodor Herzl
was living in Paris,

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and working as the
bureau chief for Vienna's

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Neue Freie Presse,

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one of Europe's most respected newspapers.

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At the moment the big
story making headlines

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was the criminal trial
of Captain Alfred Dreyfus

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who'd been arrested on
a charge of high treason

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for selling military
secrets to the Germans.

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Dreyfus who came from a
prominent Jewish family

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that had been living in
France for generations

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insisted he was innocent.

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His supporters maintained
that he had been framed

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by a group of anti-Semitic officers.

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In the days following Dreyfus's arrest

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Theodor Herzl, like much
of the French public,

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believed that he was guilty.

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-  The evidence indicates that

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Dreyfus has really committed
the ignominious act.

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-  But as the
military trial unfolded

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at the Ecole Militaire in
Paris throughout December 1894

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Herzl's opinion about Dreyfus's
guilt began to change.

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He became completely convinced
that Dreyfus was innocent,

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and was being unfairly
prosecuted because he was Jewish.

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Despite the fact that
in 1791 France became

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the first country in the world

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to emancipate its Jewish population

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anti-Semitism was surging among the French

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in the years leading
up to the Dreyfus case.

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In fact, anti-Semitic violence had been

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spreading throughout Europe starting

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in the 1870s in Germany and Austria.

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Then hundreds of Jews were killed

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in pogroms in Russia, and the Ukraine.

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The situation began turning
against French Jews in 1882

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with the collapse of the L'Union Generale

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the Catholic bank founded with the

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blessings of Pope Leo the Thirteenth.

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The faithful had invested
heavily in L'Union Generale.

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Both the aristocracy and the middle class

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had their money in the bank

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upon the advice of their priests.

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When the L'Union Generale collapsed

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in the 1882 stock market crash

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rich and poor French Catholics
were economically devastated.

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And the Jews were blamed for it all.

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When rival banks, including
the house of Rothschild,

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came through the crash
relatively unscathed.

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Edward Drumont, an unknown writer,

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soon made his reputation
on a two volume book

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entitled La France
Juive, or Jewish France.

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An immediate best seller Drumont's book

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exposed what he maintained was

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the evil power of Jewish finance.

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In the wake of this success Drumont

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created the National Anti-Semitic League

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dedicated to fighting the clandestine,

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and merciless conspiracy of Jewish finance

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which jeopardizes daily the welfare,

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honor, and security of France.

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In 1892 Drummond founded La Libre Parole

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which became one of the country's
most popular newspapers.

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It led a campaign to drive Jewish

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officers out of the French army.

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After it was discovered
that military secrets

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had been passed to Germany from a

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member of the French general staff

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Dreyfus fell under suspicion
because he was Jewish,

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and disliked by his fellow officers.

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But after his arrest no
evidence could be found

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linking him to the act.

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At the Ecole Militaire
the officers in charge

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of Dreyfus's investigation fabricated

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a so-called secret file
proving Dreyfus's guilt.

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Military authorities then ordered

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Dreyfus's immediate court martial.

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The proceedings were held in private,

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and the secret file kept from the defense.

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Throughout the trial proceedings

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Drumont continued to fan
the flames of anti-Semitism.

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The French public took to the streets

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not only against Dreyfus

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but also the French Jewish community.

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Not far from Theodor Herzl's hotel room

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en rue Cambon there were
nightly demonstrations

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in the Place de la Concorde.

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Through his windows he could
hear the crowd screaming

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death to the Jews.

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Where was this happening?

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Herzl asked himself.

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(calm music)
- Where?

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In France.

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In Republican, modern, civilized France.

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100 years after the declaration
of the rights of man.

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-  Though what troubled

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him even more profoundly were the events

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that occurred after Dreyfus
was pronounced guilty

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at the end of December 1894,

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and sentenced to life
imprisonment on Devil's Island.

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Herzl was one of the few journalists

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allowed to witness Dreyfus's public

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degredation in

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January 1895.

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- It was a bitterly cold January morning.

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It happened to be

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the Sabbath.

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Dreyfus was marched
around the Ecole Militaire

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in front of the garrison of troops.

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He had his uniform, all
the buttons on his uniform

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were ripped off by this giant of a man

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who descended from his horse,

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and publicly humiliated Dreyfus.

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And the Parisian mob who
were behind the railings

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that are watching this scene,
several thousand people,

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they are screaming down with the traitor.

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And there are also cries of

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death to the Jew.

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(speaking foreign
language), which come from

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this almost hysterical

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mob who were baying
(tense music)

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for Dreyfus's blood.

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Herzl is in the journalist box.

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He notes that, twice, as
Dreyfus is marched around

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he stops where he sees the journalists,

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and he shouts I am innocent.

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You are convicting an innocent man.

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Vive le France!

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Long live France.

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Vive l'armee.

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Long live the army.

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-  That night in a state of

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what he would later call strange agitation

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Herzl wrote his dispatch
for the Neue Freie Presse.

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In Vienna the newspaper
censored the report

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changing his account of the mob

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shouting death to the Jews
to death to the Judas.

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In a later edition the Neue Freie Presse

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changed it even further
to death to the traitors.

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Herzl's editors, themselves Jews,

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were worried that the truth would inspire

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similar chants to occur
in the streets of Vienna.

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(tense music)
Although he tried Herzl could

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not shake the scenes of the trial,

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and the anti-Semitic
demonstrations from his mind.

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He woke up to the French newspapers

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editorializing that Dreyfus's
protests of innocence

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were even further examples
of Jewish duplicity.

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He became even more disturbed when

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a few days later the
French National Assembly

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introduced legislation that

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would ban Jews from public service.

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It was defeated by less than 70 votes,

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and news from Vienna, where
his family was living,

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added to his anxiety.

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Anti-Semitic factions had reached a

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majority status in the
Austrian parliament.

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There were calls for expulsion
of the Jews from the country,

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and the confiscation of their property.

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During the first three months of 1895

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all of the events Theodor
Herzl was witnessing,

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and writing about for
the Neue Freie Presse

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were transforming him.

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He began writing a diary trying to

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describe the process he was undergoing.

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Much of what Herzl was writing about

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involved finding a solution
to the Jewish question.

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-  I asked the cultivated men

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whom I am addressing to set many

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preconceived ideas entirely aside.

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I shall even go as far
as to ask those Jews

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who have earnestly tried to
solve the Jewish question

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to look upon their previous attempts

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as mistaken, and futile.

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-  By the spring of 1895

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Herzl had decided that he
needed to take drastic action.

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He would spearhead an international effort

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to solve the Jewish problem as he saw it.

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He might have been the
most unlikely person

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to lead such a campaign.

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(calm music)

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Theodor Herzl was born on May the 2nd 1860

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in the heart of the Jewish
community of Budapest, Hungary.

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In fact the Herzl family's home

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was adjacent to the Dohany synagogue

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one of Budapest's most
prominent buildings,

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and the largest synagogue in Europe.

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Herzl's father, Jakob, was born to a

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poor Orthodox Jewish family in Yugoslavia,

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and came to Budapest in 1856

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where he made a success
of himself in banking.

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Like many from the rural
villages or shtetls.

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He moved to Budapest after residence

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restrictions against Jews in the

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Austrian Hungarian empire were lifted.

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In 1857

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he married Jeanette Diamant

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the daughter of a wealthy merchant.

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Jeanette's family background could not

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have been more different than Jakob's.

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The Diamants had been living

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in Budapest for three generations,

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and were not religious Jews.

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Their first child, Pauline,

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was born a year after their marriage,

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followed by Theodor two years later.

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Jeanette focused much
of her attention on Dori

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as he was called by the family.

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She passed on her love of German poetry,

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and literature to him
when he was very young.

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Theodor was said to
have been able to recite

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00:14:33,838 --> 00:14:37,388
Geoethe and Schiller by heart, in German,

262
00:14:37,388 --> 00:14:39,388
before the age of eight.

263
00:14:40,596 --> 00:14:43,108
Despite's Jakob's religious upbringing

264
00:14:43,108 --> 00:14:45,449
the Herzls, like most Budapest Jews,

265
00:14:45,449 --> 00:14:48,018
were quite assimilated.

266
00:14:48,018 --> 00:14:51,023
For that reason on Theodor's 13th birthday

267
00:14:51,023 --> 00:14:53,541
guests were invited not to a Bar Mitzvah,

268
00:14:53,541 --> 00:14:56,142
but rather to a confirmation reception

269
00:14:56,142 --> 00:15:00,225
at the family's new home
not far from the Danube.

270
00:15:01,307 --> 00:15:04,480
In 1878 Jakob and Jeanette Herzel

271
00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:07,739
decided to move the
family home from Budapest.

272
00:15:07,739 --> 00:15:10,364
Many Jews were leaving
the city at that time

273
00:15:10,364 --> 00:15:11,822
because they were uncomfortable with

274
00:15:11,822 --> 00:15:15,774
the growing nationalism
of the Hungarian people.

275
00:15:15,774 --> 00:15:18,941
(light-hearted music)

276
00:15:31,389 --> 00:15:34,161
Jakob set his sights on Vienna.

277
00:15:34,161 --> 00:15:37,153
Not only more hospitable
to Jews at that moment,

278
00:15:37,153 --> 00:15:38,841
but also a place with much better

279
00:15:38,841 --> 00:15:41,091
business prospects for him.

280
00:15:42,804 --> 00:15:45,706
The plan was for their
family to move in the spring

281
00:15:45,706 --> 00:15:48,329
after Theodor's final exams.

282
00:15:48,329 --> 00:15:50,412
But on February 7th, 1878

283
00:15:51,723 --> 00:15:54,021
tragedy struck.
(distressed music)

284
00:15:54,021 --> 00:15:58,097
A typhoid epidemic had been
raging through Budapest.

285
00:15:58,097 --> 00:16:03,040
Pauline Herzl fell victim
to it, and died within days.

286
00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:05,207
She was only 19 years old.

287
00:16:09,258 --> 00:16:11,590
Jeanette was so grief-stricken that

288
00:16:11,590 --> 00:16:13,332
even though Theodor still had four months

289
00:16:13,332 --> 00:16:16,152
of high school to complete she insisted

290
00:16:16,152 --> 00:16:18,819
on immediately moving to Vienna.

291
00:16:22,028 --> 00:16:26,016
(calm music)
The family's new home was on

292
00:16:26,016 --> 00:16:28,793
the Prata Strasse in Leopoldstadt

293
00:16:28,793 --> 00:16:32,742
an elegant predominantly
Jewish district of the city.

294
00:16:32,742 --> 00:16:35,309
That fall Herzl began his classes

295
00:16:35,309 --> 00:16:39,045
at the University of
Vienna Faculty of Law.

296
00:16:39,045 --> 00:16:42,364
His course of study,
chosen by his parents,

297
00:16:42,364 --> 00:16:45,160
held very little interest for him.

298
00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:47,333
Instead of focusing on his classes

299
00:16:47,333 --> 00:16:50,138
he concentrated on his literary pursuits

300
00:16:50,138 --> 00:16:54,305
writing dozens of poems, short
stories, novellas, and plays.

301
00:16:57,247 --> 00:17:01,700
In 1881 Herzl, like many of
his fellow university students,

302
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:06,236
joined a so called dueling
fraternity named Albia.

303
00:17:06,236 --> 00:17:09,321
Belonging to one was essential
to career advancement,

304
00:17:09,321 --> 00:17:12,608
and a higher rank in the military.

305
00:17:12,608 --> 00:17:14,473
They were called dueling fraternities

306
00:17:14,473 --> 00:17:17,569
because acceptance
required fighting a duel,

307
00:17:17,569 --> 00:17:19,438
and getting a scar.

308
00:17:19,438 --> 00:17:22,879
Herzl's scar or schmiss was a small one

309
00:17:22,879 --> 00:17:25,046
requiring only one stitch,

310
00:17:26,287 --> 00:17:28,055
but many of its members made no secret

311
00:17:28,055 --> 00:17:29,619
about their unhappiness that Jews

312
00:17:29,619 --> 00:17:32,477
were being allowed to join.

313
00:17:32,477 --> 00:17:34,346
For this reason it was not long

314
00:17:34,346 --> 00:17:35,648
before Herzl found himself

315
00:17:35,648 --> 00:17:38,199
disenchanted with his new fraternity,

316
00:17:38,199 --> 00:17:40,699
and became an inactive member.

317
00:17:41,664 --> 00:17:43,857
(calm music)
But it was an event on

318
00:17:43,857 --> 00:17:47,623
March the 5th, 1883
that led to a full break

319
00:17:47,623 --> 00:17:50,141
between him and his fraternity.

320
00:17:50,141 --> 00:17:53,651
A memorial service was taking
place at the Sofiensaal,

321
00:17:53,651 --> 00:17:57,623
a popular Vienna social hall,
for composer Richard Wagner

322
00:17:57,623 --> 00:18:00,623
who had died three weeks previously.

323
00:18:01,795 --> 00:18:03,451
One of the featured speakers was

324
00:18:03,451 --> 00:18:06,534
a prominent member of Albia Herman Bahr

325
00:18:06,534 --> 00:18:11,089
who proceeded to deliver a
violently anti-Semitic address.

326
00:18:11,089 --> 00:18:13,719
Herzl was infuriated by the speech,

327
00:18:13,719 --> 00:18:18,153
and demanded that his fraternity
condemn Bahr's remarks.

328
00:18:18,153 --> 00:18:21,790
When that did not happen he
wrote to its steering committee.

329
00:18:21,790 --> 00:18:23,503
-  Even if I were a non Jew

330
00:18:23,503 --> 00:18:26,262
I would feel compelled
by sheer love of freedom

331
00:18:26,262 --> 00:18:28,089
to oppose a movement of which my

332
00:18:28,089 --> 00:18:31,041
fraternity has also allied itself.

333
00:18:31,041 --> 00:18:35,360
I request severance of my
links to the fraternity.

334
00:18:35,360 --> 00:18:37,372
-  Upon graduating Theodor Herzl

335
00:18:37,372 --> 00:18:39,252
began working as a trainee lawyer

336
00:18:39,252 --> 00:18:42,908
first in Vienna and then in Salzburg.

337
00:18:42,908 --> 00:18:44,861
Many years later he would proclaim

338
00:18:44,861 --> 00:18:47,743
that he had spent some
of his happiest hours

339
00:18:47,743 --> 00:18:51,186
working in the courts at
the High Salzburg Castle,

340
00:18:51,186 --> 00:18:53,860
and that he might have
remained there forever.

341
00:18:53,860 --> 00:18:55,763
But because advancement in the legal

342
00:18:55,763 --> 00:18:58,215
profession was limited to Jews

343
00:18:58,215 --> 00:18:59,953
Herzl walked away from the law at

344
00:18:59,953 --> 00:19:02,417
the end of his training year.

345
00:19:02,417 --> 00:19:05,492
(engine whirring)
He returned to Vienna,

346
00:19:05,492 --> 00:19:06,744
and decided to concentrate his

347
00:19:06,744 --> 00:19:09,661
energies on his first love writing.

348
00:19:11,641 --> 00:19:13,359
He began work on a play,

349
00:19:13,359 --> 00:19:15,185
and also spent time polishing

350
00:19:15,185 --> 00:19:19,352
several older ones he'd written
during his student days.

351
00:19:21,083 --> 00:19:23,117
For close to two years he received

352
00:19:23,117 --> 00:19:25,330
one rejection after another from the

353
00:19:25,330 --> 00:19:28,031
producers he sent his plays to.

354
00:19:28,031 --> 00:19:28,864
By 1885

355
00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:32,396
he was in deep despair.

356
00:19:32,396 --> 00:19:35,865
-  Miserable, miserable life.

357
00:19:35,865 --> 00:19:36,782
No success.

358
00:19:38,356 --> 00:19:40,087
When is it time?

359
00:19:40,087 --> 00:19:43,875
(light-hearted music)
- And then, in the fall,

360
00:19:43,875 --> 00:19:46,006
he received some good news.

361
00:19:46,006 --> 00:19:49,017
A german language theater
company in New York City

362
00:19:49,017 --> 00:19:53,184
decided to mount a production
of his play entitled Tabarin.

363
00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:57,028
That November at the Star Theater

364
00:19:57,028 --> 00:19:59,154
at 13th street and Broadway

365
00:19:59,154 --> 00:20:03,678
Theodor Herzl had his professional
debut as a playwright.

366
00:20:03,678 --> 00:20:05,806
The production received excellent reviews

367
00:20:05,806 --> 00:20:09,333
in newspapers in New
York, Berlin, and Vienna.

368
00:20:09,333 --> 00:20:11,091
Herzl was now confident that he

369
00:20:11,091 --> 00:20:14,296
would soon achieve his
main goal as a playwright

370
00:20:14,296 --> 00:20:16,052
getting one of his plays produced by

371
00:20:16,052 --> 00:20:18,618
Vienna's fabled Burgtheater

372
00:20:18,618 --> 00:20:21,868
perhaps the most prestigious in Europe.

373
00:20:23,858 --> 00:20:25,446
Though the attention surrounding his

374
00:20:25,446 --> 00:20:28,298
New York debut was short lived,

375
00:20:28,298 --> 00:20:30,582
and once again he was met with rejection

376
00:20:30,582 --> 00:20:35,032
from every theater company
to whom he sent his plays.

377
00:20:35,032 --> 00:20:38,160
Yet as his theatrical career was stalled

378
00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:40,915
Herzl unintentionally began to make a name

379
00:20:40,915 --> 00:20:43,928
for himself in another field of writing.

380
00:20:43,928 --> 00:20:47,095
(light-hearted music)

381
00:20:50,217 --> 00:20:53,309
On a European vacation Herzl had written

382
00:20:53,309 --> 00:20:55,184
a number of short observational pieces

383
00:20:55,184 --> 00:20:58,563
called feuilletons that
ended up being published

384
00:20:58,563 --> 00:21:02,117
in several German and Austrian newspapers.

385
00:21:02,117 --> 00:21:04,851
Soon he was contributing regularly

386
00:21:04,851 --> 00:21:07,429
for some of the best
known newspapers in Vienna

387
00:21:07,429 --> 00:21:11,705
including the highly
esteemed Neue Freie Presse

388
00:21:11,705 --> 00:21:15,300
though he still dreamed of
success at the Burgtheater,

389
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:18,165
and not long after he
began his newspaper career

390
00:21:18,165 --> 00:21:21,341
that dream finally came true.

391
00:21:21,341 --> 00:21:22,841
Two of his plays were accepted

392
00:21:22,841 --> 00:21:24,814
by the Burgtheater's management

393
00:21:24,814 --> 00:21:27,897
and produced to great public acclaim.

394
00:21:29,263 --> 00:21:33,992
(calm music)
During this same period

395
00:21:33,992 --> 00:21:37,806
Theodor Herzl met and fell
in love with Julie Naschauer

396
00:21:37,806 --> 00:21:42,437
the daughter of a Viennese
Jewish millionaire industrialist.

397
00:21:42,437 --> 00:21:44,949
Despite all his recent success

398
00:21:44,949 --> 00:21:47,012
Herzl was not whom Julie's father

399
00:21:47,012 --> 00:21:51,492
Jakob Naschauer had in mind
as a husband for his daughter.

400
00:21:51,492 --> 00:21:54,196
However Julie was used to getting her way,

401
00:21:54,196 --> 00:21:56,169
and her parents gave their blessing,

402
00:21:56,169 --> 00:21:59,336
albeit reluctantly, to the engagement.

403
00:22:01,764 --> 00:22:05,430
The wedding ceremony
took place in June 1889

404
00:22:05,430 --> 00:22:07,483
in the resort town of Rankweil

405
00:22:07,483 --> 00:22:09,701
a few hours outside of Vienna

406
00:22:09,701 --> 00:22:14,185
where his bride's parents
kept a weekend home.

407
00:22:14,185 --> 00:22:15,838
The wedding was quite lavish,

408
00:22:15,838 --> 00:22:17,390
and Julie's dowry befit her

409
00:22:17,390 --> 00:22:20,140
father's status as a millionaire.

410
00:22:21,548 --> 00:22:23,091
But trouble between the two started

411
00:22:23,091 --> 00:22:24,286
almost as soon as they began

412
00:22:24,286 --> 00:22:27,207
their two month honeymoon
to Switzerland and France.

413
00:22:27,207 --> 00:22:30,135
(train rumbling)

414
00:22:30,135 --> 00:22:33,038
- She appears to have
been very highly strung.

415
00:22:33,038 --> 00:22:35,038
Neurotic, a big spender.

416
00:22:35,963 --> 00:22:38,543
She did not identify with Herzl's

417
00:22:38,543 --> 00:22:41,184
literary and artistic ambitions.

418
00:22:41,184 --> 00:22:44,652
The marriage seems to have
got off to such a bad start

419
00:22:44,652 --> 00:22:48,981
that Herzl was contemplating
divorce within a year or so.

420
00:22:48,981 --> 00:22:51,165
The birth of their daughter Pauline,

421
00:22:51,165 --> 00:22:52,812
named for Herzl's sister,

422
00:22:52,812 --> 00:22:55,033
just shy of their first anniversary

423
00:22:55,033 --> 00:22:58,642
seemed to have saved the
marriage for the moment.

424
00:22:58,642 --> 00:23:00,157
This became a pattern for the couple

425
00:23:00,157 --> 00:23:03,086
as they separated and
reconciled innumerous times

426
00:23:03,086 --> 00:23:05,205
while their family grew with the birth

427
00:23:05,205 --> 00:23:08,205
of their son Hans, and later, Trudy.

428
00:23:12,025 --> 00:23:14,685
By the summer of 1891 Herzl was now

429
00:23:14,685 --> 00:23:18,979
one of the Neue Freie Presse's
most celebrated columnists.

430
00:23:18,979 --> 00:23:22,033
Publishers Eduard Bacher
and Moriz Benedikt

431
00:23:22,033 --> 00:23:25,056
decided to offer their
rising star a new position

432
00:23:25,056 --> 00:23:28,149
before someone else hired him away.

433
00:23:28,149 --> 00:23:31,077
(calm music)

434
00:23:31,077 --> 00:23:35,244
- They chose him to be their
foreign correspondent in Paris

435
00:23:36,556 --> 00:23:38,186
which was

436
00:23:38,186 --> 00:23:41,842
probably the most attractive proposition

437
00:23:41,842 --> 00:23:46,009
that any correspondent or any
journalist could hope for.

438
00:23:47,492 --> 00:23:50,331
Paris was considered the center

439
00:23:50,331 --> 00:23:52,581
of modern European culture.

440
00:23:53,602 --> 00:23:55,596
Its politics were clearly important

441
00:23:55,596 --> 00:23:56,979
because France was one of

442
00:23:56,979 --> 00:24:00,146
the leading great powers in the world.

443
00:24:01,142 --> 00:24:02,962
-  Herzl
immediately took to the job,

444
00:24:02,962 --> 00:24:04,657
and to the City of Lights.

445
00:24:04,657 --> 00:24:06,971
He focused on covering
the political debates

446
00:24:06,971 --> 00:24:08,423
at the Palais Bourbon

447
00:24:08,423 --> 00:24:12,046
and enjoying the city's unique nightlife.

448
00:24:12,046 --> 00:24:13,220
-  Dear parents

449
00:24:13,220 --> 00:24:16,181
I am busy from the early
morning until the evening.

450
00:24:16,181 --> 00:24:19,931
I really believe that
I am now in my element.

451
00:24:21,596 --> 00:24:23,916
-  By the spring of 1892

452
00:24:23,916 --> 00:24:26,046
Julie and the children joined him,

453
00:24:26,046 --> 00:24:27,645
and the family moved into a flat in

454
00:24:27,645 --> 00:24:31,145
one of Paris's most stylish neighborhoods.

455
00:24:33,030 --> 00:24:37,054
(pistols firing)
(tense music)

456
00:24:37,054 --> 00:24:40,308
At almost the same time
an event took place

457
00:24:40,308 --> 00:24:42,329
that would not only rock France,

458
00:24:42,329 --> 00:24:45,784
but shake Herzl to his core as well.

459
00:24:45,784 --> 00:24:47,752
A duel between a high ranking

460
00:24:47,752 --> 00:24:50,214
Jewish army captain Armand Mayer,

461
00:24:50,214 --> 00:24:52,912
and an outspoken anti-Jewish aristocrat

462
00:24:52,912 --> 00:24:55,137
ended in Mayer's death.

463
00:24:55,137 --> 00:24:57,805
Herzl took part in the
Captain's funeral procession

464
00:24:57,805 --> 00:25:01,769
where onlookers shouted
dirty Jews at the mourners.

465
00:25:01,769 --> 00:25:04,797
In subsequent weeks, while
covering the French parliament,

466
00:25:04,797 --> 00:25:08,941
he witnessed angry debates on
the so-called Jewish question.

467
00:25:08,941 --> 00:25:11,502
And at a political rally he heard the cry

468
00:25:11,502 --> 00:25:15,660
death to the Jews for the very first time.

469
00:25:15,660 --> 00:25:17,243
- And Herzl writes about this.

470
00:25:17,243 --> 00:25:20,253
An article called French Anti-Semites.

471
00:25:20,253 --> 00:25:23,339
It's the first time he
addresses the question,

472
00:25:23,339 --> 00:25:27,447
and this is a period in which
he's constantly weighing,

473
00:25:27,447 --> 00:25:29,829
for the first time in his life,

474
00:25:29,829 --> 00:25:32,415
the significance of this issue

475
00:25:32,415 --> 00:25:33,498
as a societal

476
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:35,933
problem.

477
00:25:37,559 --> 00:25:38,575
(calm music)
- Herzl began to brood

478
00:25:38,575 --> 00:25:40,756
about this constantly.

479
00:25:40,756 --> 00:25:42,695
He had spent little, if any, time

480
00:25:42,695 --> 00:25:44,744
thinking about his Jewishness

481
00:25:44,744 --> 00:25:48,064
since his university
days in the early 1880s.

482
00:25:48,064 --> 00:25:51,378
He decided to read
Drumont's La France Juive

483
00:25:51,378 --> 00:25:54,251
which had sold more than
a million copies in France

484
00:25:54,251 --> 00:25:57,379
since its publication
seven years previously.

485
00:25:57,379 --> 00:26:01,584
It left him very disturbed
about the future of the country.

486
00:26:01,584 --> 00:26:03,878
His dispatches from Paris
throughout the winter

487
00:26:03,878 --> 00:26:07,253
and spring of 1893 focused increasingly on

488
00:26:07,253 --> 00:26:09,556
the troubled political scene in France,

489
00:26:09,556 --> 00:26:13,850
and what he saw as the
country's slide into barbarism.

490
00:26:13,850 --> 00:26:18,096
To his friends he became
outspoken about the situation.

491
00:26:18,096 --> 00:26:22,407
By April his name appeared on
a list of suspect foreigners

492
00:26:22,407 --> 00:26:24,835
submitted to the Minister of the Interior

493
00:26:24,835 --> 00:26:26,585
by the secret police.

494
00:26:27,577 --> 00:26:30,507
Reports from Vienna added to his worries

495
00:26:30,507 --> 00:26:32,751
where the popularity of Karl Luger,

496
00:26:32,751 --> 00:26:34,769
the stridently anti-Jewish leader of

497
00:26:34,769 --> 00:26:36,923
Austria's Christian Socialist party,

498
00:26:36,923 --> 00:26:39,241
was growing tremendously.

499
00:26:39,241 --> 00:26:40,886
He now became obsessed with

500
00:26:40,886 --> 00:26:44,327
finding a solution to anti-Semitism.

501
00:26:44,327 --> 00:26:46,219
Over the course of the next year

502
00:26:46,219 --> 00:26:48,076
Herzl considered several approaches

503
00:26:48,076 --> 00:26:51,408
to attacking the problem head on.

504
00:26:51,408 --> 00:26:53,101
He proposed challenging Europe's

505
00:26:53,101 --> 00:26:55,684
leading anti-Semites to a duel.

506
00:26:56,657 --> 00:26:58,457
He devised a plan where Europe's Jews

507
00:26:58,457 --> 00:27:00,852
would undergo a mass conversion

508
00:27:00,852 --> 00:27:05,684
at a ceremony at St.
Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.

509
00:27:05,684 --> 00:27:08,094
And he wrote his first new play in years

510
00:27:08,094 --> 00:27:09,345
that he believed would put

511
00:27:09,345 --> 00:27:11,392
a spotlight on anti-Semitism

512
00:27:11,392 --> 00:27:13,293
and lead to debate =that will put

513
00:27:13,293 --> 00:27:15,793
an end to it once and for all.

514
00:27:16,797 --> 00:27:18,317
But after time he concluded that

515
00:27:18,317 --> 00:27:21,361
none of these solutions were feasible.

516
00:27:21,361 --> 00:27:22,841
He grew depressed about the fact that

517
00:27:22,841 --> 00:27:24,470
nothing he'd come up with to solve

518
00:27:24,470 --> 00:27:26,970
the problem seemed reasonable.

519
00:27:28,820 --> 00:27:30,093
-  Night after night

520
00:27:30,093 --> 00:27:33,389
I write down prophecies
that never materialize,

521
00:27:33,389 --> 00:27:36,509
confessions of faith that
are never acted upon,

522
00:27:36,509 --> 00:27:39,342
declarations that lead to nowhere.

523
00:27:41,603 --> 00:27:44,935
-  As he was covering
the French elections of 1894

524
00:27:44,935 --> 00:27:47,562
Herzl contracted a form of malaria

525
00:27:47,562 --> 00:27:49,963
that left him bedridden
for much of the winter

526
00:27:49,963 --> 00:27:52,796
and permanently damaged his heart.

527
00:27:53,647 --> 00:27:56,814
As he continued his
convalescence at Lake Altaussee

528
00:27:56,814 --> 00:27:59,515
on the family's annual summer holiday.

529
00:27:59,515 --> 00:28:01,035
He saw old friends,

530
00:28:01,035 --> 00:28:04,326
and visited his parents at
their nearby summer home.

531
00:28:04,326 --> 00:28:06,267
The talk amongst them all centered

532
00:28:06,267 --> 00:28:10,434
around the latest anti-Semitic
incidents throughout Europe.

533
00:28:12,668 --> 00:28:15,416
Newspaper reports from Vienna, Berlin,

534
00:28:15,416 --> 00:28:18,072
Paris, and Prague described one

535
00:28:18,072 --> 00:28:20,905
anti-Semitic attack after another.

536
00:28:22,033 --> 00:28:23,993
(birds chirping)
At summer's end Julie

537
00:28:23,993 --> 00:28:26,411
announced to him that she and the children

538
00:28:26,411 --> 00:28:29,664
would return to Vienna rather than Paris.

539
00:28:29,664 --> 00:28:31,333
Her father was dying,

540
00:28:31,333 --> 00:28:34,322
and she felt it was better to be at home.

541
00:28:34,322 --> 00:28:37,420
Herzl moved into a room
at the Hotel Castille

542
00:28:37,420 --> 00:28:39,823
on Rue Cambon where he began reporting

543
00:28:39,823 --> 00:28:44,026
on the Dreyfus trial unfolding
at the Ecole Militaire.

544
00:28:44,026 --> 00:28:46,443
(calm music)

545
00:28:56,166 --> 00:28:58,767
During this period of time he decided

546
00:28:58,767 --> 00:29:02,133
to attend services at
Paris's Grand Synagogue

547
00:29:02,133 --> 00:29:05,990
on Rue Victoire not far
from where he was living.

548
00:29:05,990 --> 00:29:07,337
It had been the first time

549
00:29:07,337 --> 00:29:11,062
he set foot in one since childhood.

550
00:29:11,062 --> 00:29:14,026
He found himself incredibly
moved by the services,

551
00:29:14,026 --> 00:29:16,761
and for the first time as an adult

552
00:29:16,761 --> 00:29:19,928
discovered a connection to other Jews.

553
00:29:21,915 --> 00:29:24,896
He left the synagogue making
an even greater commitment

554
00:29:24,896 --> 00:29:27,979
to himself to help the Jewish people.

555
00:29:29,359 --> 00:29:30,487
In the weeks following Captain

556
00:29:30,487 --> 00:29:33,591
Dreyfus's degradation
at the Ecole Militaire

557
00:29:33,591 --> 00:29:36,266
it appeared to Herzl that all of Europe

558
00:29:36,266 --> 00:29:39,326
was on a rampage against the Jews.

559
00:29:39,326 --> 00:29:43,074
He became convinced that
by remaining in Europe

560
00:29:43,074 --> 00:29:46,770
the Jews were facing an apocalypse.

561
00:29:46,770 --> 00:29:49,224
As he saw it they needed to leave,

562
00:29:49,224 --> 00:29:53,183
and create a sovereign Jewish
state in another place.

563
00:29:53,183 --> 00:29:54,016
But where?

564
00:29:54,894 --> 00:29:57,864
Palestine was an obvious choice.

565
00:29:57,864 --> 00:29:59,251
Jews had been returning to their

566
00:29:59,251 --> 00:30:02,918
Biblical home there for
well over 100 years.

567
00:30:04,564 --> 00:30:06,833
Then there was Argentina.

568
00:30:06,833 --> 00:30:08,175
Jews had been settling in farming

569
00:30:08,175 --> 00:30:11,709
communities there since the late 1800s.

570
00:30:11,709 --> 00:30:13,375
These settlements were underwritten

571
00:30:13,375 --> 00:30:17,555
by Jewish philanthropists
like Baron Moritz von Hirsch

572
00:30:17,555 --> 00:30:20,127
the Bavarian born railroad tycoon

573
00:30:20,127 --> 00:30:23,442
whose fortune was one of
the largest in the world.

574
00:30:23,442 --> 00:30:26,127
Von Hirsch was one of the
few rich men at the time

575
00:30:26,127 --> 00:30:29,428
who believed in sharing
his wealth with the poor.

576
00:30:29,428 --> 00:30:31,336
It was estimated that he had spent upwards

577
00:30:31,336 --> 00:30:35,856
of 400 million Francs on
Jewish charities alone.

578
00:30:35,856 --> 00:30:37,940
Herzl decided to approach the Baron,

579
00:30:37,940 --> 00:30:40,030
who lived in Paris, with a proposal

580
00:30:40,030 --> 00:30:42,015
that he underwrite the financing of an

581
00:30:42,015 --> 00:30:46,023
efficient, well planned, mass
exodus of Jews from Europe,

582
00:30:46,023 --> 00:30:49,931
and the purchase of
territory for the new state.

583
00:30:49,931 --> 00:30:52,561
Baron von Hirsch consented to a meeting

584
00:30:52,561 --> 00:30:56,598
most likely because of Herzl's
reputation as a journalist.

585
00:30:56,598 --> 00:30:59,086
The get-together started off poorly.

586
00:30:59,086 --> 00:31:01,531
The Baron kept Herzl waiting.

587
00:31:01,531 --> 00:31:04,913
When he finally came in
Herzl addressed him harshly,

588
00:31:04,913 --> 00:31:07,167
and began criticizing the industrialist's

589
00:31:07,167 --> 00:31:10,241
resettlement projects in Argentina.

590
00:31:10,241 --> 00:31:11,074
-  You should have started

591
00:31:11,074 --> 00:31:12,798
the whole thing differently.

592
00:31:12,798 --> 00:31:15,488
You dragged these farm Jews overseas.

593
00:31:15,488 --> 00:31:18,428
They must think they would
be supported by you forever.

594
00:31:18,428 --> 00:31:21,640
This does not promote eagerness to work.

595
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:23,723
You are breeding shnoras.

596
00:31:25,767 --> 00:31:27,078
-  Herzl then began to discuss

597
00:31:27,078 --> 00:31:31,312
what he believed was needed
to help the Jewish people.

598
00:31:31,312 --> 00:31:32,471
-  The first task is to

599
00:31:32,471 --> 00:31:34,971
improve the race here and now.

600
00:31:36,135 --> 00:31:38,065
The Jews must be made strong,

601
00:31:38,065 --> 00:31:40,398
eager to work, and virtuous.

602
00:31:42,875 --> 00:31:44,326
-  Baron von Hirsch lost

603
00:31:44,326 --> 00:31:46,470
his temper with his guest.

604
00:31:46,470 --> 00:31:47,668
-  No, I don't want to

605
00:31:47,668 --> 00:31:49,571
raise the general level at all.

606
00:31:49,571 --> 00:31:52,969
All our misery comes from Jews
who want to climb too high.

607
00:31:52,969 --> 00:31:54,532
We have too many intellectuals.

608
00:31:54,532 --> 00:31:58,668
I want to keep the Jews from
always wanting to get ahead.

609
00:31:58,668 --> 00:32:00,082
-  Herzl then raised his scheme

610
00:32:00,082 --> 00:32:03,479
for a mass exodus of Jews from Europe.

611
00:32:03,479 --> 00:32:05,371
-  Where are you
going to find the money?

612
00:32:05,371 --> 00:32:08,381
Rothschild will give you 500 Francs.

613
00:32:08,381 --> 00:32:09,513
-  The money?

614
00:32:09,513 --> 00:32:13,337
I'll raise a Jewish national
loan of 10 million Marks.

615
00:32:13,337 --> 00:32:14,383
-  A fantasy.

616
00:32:14,383 --> 00:32:17,509
The rich Jews will give you nothing.

617
00:32:17,509 --> 00:32:18,845
-  Without ceremony the

618
00:32:18,845 --> 00:32:21,309
Baron brought the meeting to a close.

619
00:32:21,309 --> 00:32:22,912
He told Herzl that he might be willing

620
00:32:22,912 --> 00:32:27,242
to see him when he returned
from a business trip to London.

621
00:32:27,242 --> 00:32:31,401
Herzl would never hear
from von Hirsch again.

622
00:32:31,401 --> 00:32:33,632
(calm music)
In the days after his

623
00:32:33,632 --> 00:32:35,479
encounter with the Baron

624
00:32:35,479 --> 00:32:38,118
Herzl began composing
a series of documents

625
00:32:38,118 --> 00:32:41,567
that would become the most
significant he would write.

626
00:32:41,567 --> 00:32:43,601
They would include his innermost thoughts

627
00:32:43,601 --> 00:32:47,432
about why a state was needed,
the nature of that entity,

628
00:32:47,432 --> 00:32:51,055
and what was required
to make it a reality.

629
00:32:51,055 --> 00:32:52,180
-  I have been pounding away

630
00:32:52,180 --> 00:32:55,778
for some time at a work
of tremendous magnitude.

631
00:32:55,778 --> 00:32:59,741
I don't even know now if I will
be able to carry it through.

632
00:32:59,741 --> 00:33:02,080
For days and weeks it has saturated me

633
00:33:02,080 --> 00:33:04,375
to the limits of my consciousness.

634
00:33:04,375 --> 00:33:06,625
It goes with me everywhere.

635
00:33:08,472 --> 00:33:10,747
-  During
the same period of time

636
00:33:10,747 --> 00:33:13,302
Herzl also decided to draft a proposal

637
00:33:13,302 --> 00:33:16,836
to the famed Rothschild
family about his ideas

638
00:33:16,836 --> 00:33:18,505
since his appeal to von Hirsch

639
00:33:18,505 --> 00:33:21,087
seemed to have been fruitless.

640
00:33:21,087 --> 00:33:24,486
When it was finished it ran 68 pages

641
00:33:24,486 --> 00:33:28,062
containing details about the
new country's economic system,

642
00:33:28,062 --> 00:33:32,678
its form of government, its
military, arts, and culture.

643
00:33:32,678 --> 00:33:35,838
He explained that the national
language will be German

644
00:33:35,838 --> 00:33:39,283
much closer to the Yiddish that
most Jews spoke at the time,

645
00:33:39,283 --> 00:33:43,270
and that the state would
not be a theocracy.

646
00:33:43,270 --> 00:33:46,523
But he also had some blunt
talk for the Rothschilds.

647
00:33:46,523 --> 00:33:47,561
-  You are rich enough,

648
00:33:47,561 --> 00:33:49,559
gentlemen, to further this plan,

649
00:33:49,559 --> 00:33:52,369
but you are not rich enough to prevent it.

650
00:33:52,369 --> 00:33:53,672
-  And he had a stark warning

651
00:33:53,672 --> 00:33:56,770
for the family that even
with all of their wealth

652
00:33:56,770 --> 00:34:00,064
they were not immune from anti-Semitism.

653
00:34:00,064 --> 00:34:02,229
-  Your fortune
will be expropriated,

654
00:34:02,229 --> 00:34:05,154
and like all Jews, you will be
expelled from some countries,

655
00:34:05,154 --> 00:34:08,946
and in those where we seek
refuge they will kill us.

656
00:34:08,946 --> 00:34:11,113
I bring you the salvation.

657
00:34:12,512 --> 00:34:14,508
-  For weeks Herzl did nothing

658
00:34:14,508 --> 00:34:18,033
but work on his diaries and his
proposals to the Rothschilds

659
00:34:18,033 --> 00:34:19,233
which he intended to deliver as

660
00:34:19,233 --> 00:34:21,983
a speech to their family counsel.

661
00:34:24,327 --> 00:34:27,324
He neglected his work at
the Neue Freie Presse,

662
00:34:27,324 --> 00:34:31,241
and rarely left his room
at the Hotel Castille.

663
00:34:32,086 --> 00:34:35,532
The nearby Tuileries was one
place he would venture out to.

664
00:34:35,532 --> 00:34:39,021
Wandering aimlessly at
night, talking to himself,

665
00:34:39,021 --> 00:34:40,905
and thinking about all the details

666
00:34:40,905 --> 00:34:44,091
of his plans that needed to be sorted out.

667
00:34:44,091 --> 00:34:46,174
(fun music)
The Opera de Paris was another

668
00:34:46,174 --> 00:34:48,845
location he turned to for inspiration

669
00:34:48,845 --> 00:34:53,064
especially when Wagner's
works were being performed.

670
00:34:53,064 --> 00:34:55,071
During a performance of Tannhauser

671
00:34:55,071 --> 00:34:56,891
that he attended one evening

672
00:34:56,891 --> 00:34:59,346
he vowed to himself that
one of the first acts

673
00:34:59,346 --> 00:35:01,087
of the new Jewish state will be

674
00:35:01,087 --> 00:35:05,254
to build an opera house to rival Paris's.

675
00:35:05,254 --> 00:35:06,087
-  We too are going to

676
00:35:06,087 --> 00:35:08,441
have such resplendent halls.

677
00:35:08,441 --> 00:35:12,445
Men in formal black tie,
ladies in high fashion.

678
00:35:12,445 --> 00:35:14,273
Yes I want to make use of everything

679
00:35:14,273 --> 00:35:17,273
including the Jewish love of luxury.

680
00:35:19,158 --> 00:35:20,543
-  After
completing his speech to

681
00:35:20,543 --> 00:35:22,086
the Rothschilds Herzl wrote to

682
00:35:22,086 --> 00:35:25,346
Vienna's Chief Rabbi, Moritz Gudemann.

683
00:35:25,346 --> 00:35:27,679
He asked the Rabbi who had close ties

684
00:35:27,679 --> 00:35:29,447
to Albert von Rothschild,

685
00:35:29,447 --> 00:35:31,774
the head of the Austrian
branch of the family,

686
00:35:31,774 --> 00:35:33,184
to arrange an urgent meeting on

687
00:35:33,184 --> 00:35:36,267
his behalf to help the Jewish people.

688
00:35:37,466 --> 00:35:40,833
Gudemann did not take
Herzl's letter seriously,

689
00:35:40,833 --> 00:35:45,000
and never forwarded his
request to von Rothschild.

690
00:35:45,839 --> 00:35:48,277
Not long after writing to Rabbi Gudemann

691
00:35:48,277 --> 00:35:51,304
a close friend of Herzl's,
who was also a physician,

692
00:35:51,304 --> 00:35:54,254
stopped by the Hotel Castille to see him.

693
00:35:54,254 --> 00:35:55,958
He was shocked at his appearance,

694
00:35:55,958 --> 00:35:57,734
and became even more disturbed

695
00:35:57,734 --> 00:35:59,387
as he started reading to him

696
00:35:59,387 --> 00:36:02,243
from his speech to the Rothschilds.

697
00:36:02,243 --> 00:36:05,976
He was sure that Herzl had
suffered a nervous collapse.

698
00:36:05,976 --> 00:36:10,085
He took his pulse and
found that it was racing.

699
00:36:10,085 --> 00:36:11,283
-  My dear friend.

700
00:36:11,283 --> 00:36:12,987
There is something wrong with your nerves.

701
00:36:12,987 --> 00:36:16,457
This book is a product of sickness.

702
00:36:16,457 --> 00:36:18,081
-  He became even more alarmed

703
00:36:18,081 --> 00:36:19,454
when Herzl told him he had written

704
00:36:19,454 --> 00:36:23,050
about all of this to Rabbi Gudemann.

705
00:36:23,050 --> 00:36:25,277
-  The Rabbi
will rush to your parents,

706
00:36:25,277 --> 00:36:29,312
and inform them that their son
has had a mental breakdown.

707
00:36:29,312 --> 00:36:31,039
-  Now Herzl became panicked.

708
00:36:31,039 --> 00:36:34,877
The last thing he wanted to
do was to upset his parents.

709
00:36:34,877 --> 00:36:36,916
After the doctor left he went out,

710
00:36:36,916 --> 00:36:39,148
and began walking again in the Tuileries

711
00:36:39,148 --> 00:36:41,791
trying to figure out what to do.

712
00:36:41,791 --> 00:36:44,273
By evening he decided
to give up his scheme

713
00:36:44,273 --> 00:36:47,227
to create a new Jewish nation,

714
00:36:47,227 --> 00:36:50,475
and then he received a
letter from his mother

715
00:36:50,475 --> 00:36:52,567
in which she enclosed
the poem she had clipped

716
00:36:52,567 --> 00:36:54,817
from the Neue Freie Presse.

717
00:36:55,806 --> 00:36:58,999
-  Weaknesses are
easily forgiven to the crowd.

718
00:36:58,999 --> 00:37:02,788
To you, their leader,
they are not allowed.

719
00:37:02,788 --> 00:37:05,952
-  The poem had an
immediate effect on Herzl.

720
00:37:05,952 --> 00:37:08,032
He started believing again in the ideas

721
00:37:08,032 --> 00:37:11,234
that he'd abandoned a few days before.

722
00:37:11,234 --> 00:37:12,937
He scribbled a note to himself

723
00:37:12,937 --> 00:37:15,877
from the margin of the clipping.

724
00:37:15,877 --> 00:37:18,498
-  From my good
mama who copied it for me

725
00:37:18,498 --> 00:37:21,771
and sent it while I was
working on the plan.

726
00:37:21,771 --> 00:37:24,271
As if mother heart divined it.

727
00:37:26,203 --> 00:37:28,870
(bells ringing)

728
00:37:30,309 --> 00:37:33,480
-  Vienna
during the summer of 1895

729
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:36,945
turned into a hotbed of
anti-Jewish violence.

730
00:37:36,945 --> 00:37:41,061
Even Sigmund Freud was now
taking notice of the problem.

731
00:37:41,061 --> 00:37:42,326
-  I have been given the

732
00:37:42,326 --> 00:37:44,268
first glimpse into the abyss.

733
00:37:44,268 --> 00:37:49,072
I have seen things calculated
to sober and even frighten me.

734
00:37:49,072 --> 00:37:50,959
-  As Herzl
vacationed with his family

735
00:37:50,959 --> 00:37:53,028
that summer at Lake Altaussee

736
00:37:53,028 --> 00:37:56,510
he was not able to escape
Austria's anti-Semitism

737
00:37:56,510 --> 00:37:59,689
even amidst the beauty of the area.

738
00:37:59,689 --> 00:38:02,108
One day at a cabin near the lake

739
00:38:02,108 --> 00:38:06,049
he came upon walls filled
with anti-Jewish graffiti.

740
00:38:06,049 --> 00:38:10,429
Herzl copied one example
into his notebook.

741
00:38:10,429 --> 00:38:13,991
-  Oh God,
return Moses to this land

742
00:38:13,991 --> 00:38:16,853
to take his Jews by the hand,

743
00:38:16,853 --> 00:38:20,132
and lead them to the promised land.

744
00:38:20,132 --> 00:38:23,090
And when the whole bad lot's afloat

745
00:38:23,090 --> 00:38:25,362
in the middle of the sea

746
00:38:25,362 --> 00:38:29,191
then, good Lord, just sink the boat.

747
00:38:29,191 --> 00:38:32,274
And all good Christians will be free.

748
00:38:34,403 --> 00:38:36,837
-  Chief Rabbi Moritz Gudemann,

749
00:38:36,837 --> 00:38:40,297
who had been dismissive of
Herzl a few months previously,

750
00:38:40,297 --> 00:38:42,618
was now very interested
in what he had to say

751
00:38:42,618 --> 00:38:46,368
about the problem of
anti-Semitism in Europe.

752
00:38:47,240 --> 00:38:49,975
A meeting was scheduled in Munich.

753
00:38:49,975 --> 00:38:52,460
At an elegant hotel on the Sabbath

754
00:38:52,460 --> 00:38:54,433
Herzl outlined his proposals for

755
00:38:54,433 --> 00:38:57,868
the Jewish exodus from
Europe and the new state.

756
00:38:57,868 --> 00:39:02,035
He shared details from his
speech to the Rothschilds.

757
00:39:02,909 --> 00:39:05,125
Rabbi Gudemann became so enthusiastic

758
00:39:05,125 --> 00:39:07,258
about what Herzl was discussing

759
00:39:07,258 --> 00:39:09,249
that he exclaimed to the journalist--

760
00:39:09,249 --> 00:39:11,793
-  You remind me of Moses.

761
00:39:11,793 --> 00:39:14,417
-  Yet despite
expressing such sentiments

762
00:39:14,417 --> 00:39:18,850
that evening the Rabbi wrote
a postcard to his wife.

763
00:39:18,850 --> 00:39:21,068
-  Herzl is a poet.

764
00:39:21,068 --> 00:39:24,985
His plan, however
interesting, is not feasible.

765
00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:30,054
(calm music)
- Herzl moved back to Vienna

766
00:39:30,054 --> 00:39:33,367
in the fall rather than return to Paris.

767
00:39:33,367 --> 00:39:36,618
His Neue Freie Presse
editors wanted him in Austria

768
00:39:36,618 --> 00:39:40,285
to serve as the paper's
new literary editor.

769
00:39:43,886 --> 00:39:47,336
By then he'd been away
from home for five years.

770
00:39:47,336 --> 00:39:49,127
He was a much different man than

771
00:39:49,127 --> 00:39:52,710
he had been when he
left for Paris in 1891.

772
00:39:54,069 --> 00:39:57,513
He and the family moved into
a home on the Pelikangasse

773
00:39:57,513 --> 00:40:00,430
a stylish area near the university.

774
00:40:02,274 --> 00:40:03,876
Herzl's new passion quickly caused

775
00:40:03,876 --> 00:40:06,513
strains with his employers.

776
00:40:06,513 --> 00:40:09,749
He suggested they publish
a special Sunday edition

777
00:40:09,749 --> 00:40:12,123
with a front page story
he had written entitled

778
00:40:12,123 --> 00:40:15,669
The Solution To The Jewish Question.

779
00:40:15,669 --> 00:40:18,836
His request was dismissed out of hand.

780
00:40:20,055 --> 00:40:23,789
Herzl felt quite dejected by the decision,

781
00:40:23,789 --> 00:40:25,292
but his spirits were lifted after

782
00:40:25,292 --> 00:40:29,560
being in touch with Max
Nordau an old friend in Paris

783
00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:31,131
who'd become an ardent supporter

784
00:40:31,131 --> 00:40:34,365
of his idea of creating a Jewish state.

785
00:40:34,365 --> 00:40:38,378
If you are insane then
we are insane together

786
00:40:38,378 --> 00:40:39,404
the best selling author

787
00:40:39,404 --> 00:40:42,570
and social scientist
told Herzl when they met.

788
00:40:42,570 --> 00:40:45,123
He convinced him to make a trip to London

789
00:40:45,123 --> 00:40:45,956
where he was certain
(elated music)

790
00:40:45,956 --> 00:40:49,267
there would be tremendous
support for his ideas.

791
00:40:49,267 --> 00:40:52,379
While Herzl did not know a
single person in the city,

792
00:40:52,379 --> 00:40:54,334
and his English was limited

793
00:40:54,334 --> 00:40:55,950
within days he was speaking with

794
00:40:55,950 --> 00:40:58,469
the leaders of the
city's Jewish community,

795
00:40:58,469 --> 00:41:01,822
and gave a triumphant speech
to the Maccabean club.

796
00:41:01,822 --> 00:41:04,531
His first public talk about his views

797
00:41:04,531 --> 00:41:07,614
was rewarded with a standing ovation.

798
00:41:08,741 --> 00:41:11,556
Herzl left England excited and determined

799
00:41:11,556 --> 00:41:14,474
to build a Zionist movement.

800
00:41:14,474 --> 00:41:16,211
As soon as he returned to Vienna,

801
00:41:16,211 --> 00:41:19,100
at the end of 1895, he adapted his

802
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:23,335
speech to the Rothschilds into
a 86 page booklet entitled

803
00:41:23,335 --> 00:41:26,335
Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State.

804
00:41:27,221 --> 00:41:31,501
An attempt at a modern solution
of the Jewish question.

805
00:41:31,501 --> 00:41:33,019
-  No-one can deny the gravity

806
00:41:33,019 --> 00:41:35,578
of the situation of the Jews.

807
00:41:35,578 --> 00:41:37,432
Wherever they live in perceptible numbers

808
00:41:37,432 --> 00:41:40,260
they are more or less persecuted.

809
00:41:40,260 --> 00:41:43,961
Everything tends, in fact, to
one and the same conclusion

810
00:41:43,961 --> 00:41:48,128
clearly enunciating the classic
Berlin phrase Juden raus.

811
00:41:48,966 --> 00:41:50,049
Jews get out.

812
00:41:51,061 --> 00:41:55,141
I shall now put the question
in the briefest possible form.

813
00:41:55,141 --> 00:41:58,058
Are we to get out now and where to?

814
00:42:01,188 --> 00:42:03,569
-  In the
booklet Herzl explained

815
00:42:03,569 --> 00:42:05,742
why he believed Palestine for

816
00:42:05,742 --> 00:42:08,123
historic and religious reasons

817
00:42:08,123 --> 00:42:11,292
should be the home for
the new Jewish state.

818
00:42:11,292 --> 00:42:12,125
-  The Jews have dreamt

819
00:42:12,125 --> 00:42:16,584
this kingly dream all through
the nights of their history.

820
00:42:16,584 --> 00:42:20,392
Next year in Jerusalem is our old phrase.

821
00:42:20,392 --> 00:42:22,187
It is now a question of showing that the

822
00:42:22,187 --> 00:42:26,173
dream can be converted
into a living reality.

823
00:42:26,173 --> 00:42:29,747
(engine revving)
- Only a tiny publisher

824
00:42:29,747 --> 00:42:32,662
with a bookstore of
Vienna's Wahringer Strasse,

825
00:42:32,662 --> 00:42:34,837
N. Breitenstein, was willing to take

826
00:42:34,837 --> 00:42:38,277
a chance publishing Der Judenstaat.

827
00:42:38,277 --> 00:42:40,731
While Breitenstein displayed
a few copies of the book

828
00:42:40,731 --> 00:42:43,897
in its store window the
bulk of the printing run,

829
00:42:43,897 --> 00:42:48,064
500 copies, was sent to Herzl's
home a few streets away.

830
00:42:49,161 --> 00:42:51,118
As he opened one of the boxes he

831
00:42:51,118 --> 00:42:54,506
could not contain his excitement.

832
00:42:54,506 --> 00:42:56,546
-  I was terribly shaken.

833
00:42:56,546 --> 00:42:58,624
This package of pamphlets constitutes

834
00:42:58,624 --> 00:43:01,490
the decision in tangible form.

835
00:43:01,490 --> 00:43:04,157
My life may now take a new turn.

836
00:43:06,353 --> 00:43:08,366
-  His prediction came true

837
00:43:08,366 --> 00:43:10,430
when the London Jewish Chronicle published

838
00:43:10,430 --> 00:43:12,410
an excerpt from his book sparking

839
00:43:12,410 --> 00:43:14,827
great interest across Europe.

840
00:43:16,519 --> 00:43:18,851
When the wire services identified Herzl

841
00:43:18,851 --> 00:43:21,783
as the literary editor
of the Neue Freie Presse

842
00:43:21,783 --> 00:43:24,254
his editors were furious.

843
00:43:24,254 --> 00:43:26,070
Moriz Benedikt offered to pay him to

844
00:43:26,070 --> 00:43:28,823
withdraw The Jewish
State from publication.

845
00:43:28,823 --> 00:43:30,054
-  No individual has the right

846
00:43:30,054 --> 00:43:32,915
to take upon himself the
tremendous moral responsibility

847
00:43:32,915 --> 00:43:35,309
of setting this avalanche in motion.

848
00:43:35,309 --> 00:43:37,065
We shall lose our present country

849
00:43:37,065 --> 00:43:39,282
before we get a Jewish state.

850
00:43:39,282 --> 00:43:41,334
The pamphlet is unripe for publication.

851
00:43:41,334 --> 00:43:44,764
You are risking your literary reputation.

852
00:43:44,764 --> 00:43:48,224
-  But Herzl refused
to take his editor's offer.

853
00:43:48,224 --> 00:43:50,348
-  I have
already published the idea.

854
00:43:50,348 --> 00:43:54,005
It no longer belongs
to me but to all Jews.

855
00:43:54,005 --> 00:43:58,937
If I keep silent now I endanger
my reputation all the more.

856
00:43:58,937 --> 00:44:00,685
-  Very quickly The Jewish State

857
00:44:00,685 --> 00:44:03,090
became one of the main
topics of conversation

858
00:44:03,090 --> 00:44:06,490
in Vienna, not all of it complementary.

859
00:44:06,490 --> 00:44:08,133
(calm music)
Vienna's cafes were filled

860
00:44:08,133 --> 00:44:12,601
with people joking about Theodor
Herzl's new Jewish state.

861
00:44:12,601 --> 00:44:14,668
Behind his back he was being called

862
00:44:14,668 --> 00:44:18,037
the redeemer from the Pelikangasse.

863
00:44:18,037 --> 00:44:21,048
One evening as Herzl
entered the Burgtheater

864
00:44:21,048 --> 00:44:23,646
people laughed at him as he
made his way to his seat.

865
00:44:23,646 --> 00:44:26,136
He heard whispers of
'his Majesty has arrived'

866
00:44:26,136 --> 00:44:27,886
and 'Herzl the King'.

867
00:44:29,176 --> 00:44:32,120
One prominent member of
Vienna's Jewish community

868
00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:36,567
was asked what he was willing
to do for Herzl's cause.

869
00:44:36,567 --> 00:44:39,276
-  If Herzl should
be taken to the lunatic asylum

870
00:44:39,276 --> 00:44:42,917
I shall be glad to put my
carriage at his disposal.

871
00:44:42,917 --> 00:44:44,158
-  Yet Herzl, who had always

872
00:44:44,158 --> 00:44:48,753
been sensitive to criticism
ignored the jibes.

873
00:44:48,753 --> 00:44:51,725
-  In order to
be proved right in 30 years

874
00:44:51,725 --> 00:44:52,934
one has to be prepared in the

875
00:44:52,934 --> 00:44:57,028
first few weeks to be considered a madman.

876
00:44:57,028 --> 00:44:58,755
-  In political circles Herzl

877
00:44:58,755 --> 00:45:01,680
was condemned by everyone
from the Prime Minister

878
00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:04,513
to the aging Emperor Franz Joseph.

879
00:45:05,939 --> 00:45:10,017
Orthodox Jewish leaders
were also up in arms.

880
00:45:10,017 --> 00:45:11,855
- The Orthodox Jews said that

881
00:45:11,855 --> 00:45:14,175
he was anticipating the Messiah.

882
00:45:14,175 --> 00:45:16,342
That he was an adventurer,

883
00:45:17,365 --> 00:45:18,627
and

884
00:45:18,627 --> 00:45:19,460
that

885
00:45:19,460 --> 00:45:22,246
only God, in His own time,

886
00:45:22,246 --> 00:45:24,476
could bring about the redemption

887
00:45:24,476 --> 00:45:26,866
and the gathering in of the exiles.

888
00:45:26,866 --> 00:45:30,151
But so were the reform Rabbis by and large

889
00:45:30,151 --> 00:45:31,883
in most of the world.

890
00:45:31,883 --> 00:45:32,991
They

891
00:45:32,991 --> 00:45:34,658
were alarmed at this

892
00:45:35,504 --> 00:45:38,974
affront to their notion of patriotism.

893
00:45:38,974 --> 00:45:40,549
Patriotism

894
00:45:40,549 --> 00:45:42,850
not for a Jewish state,

895
00:45:42,850 --> 00:45:47,317
but for full integration
in their own society.

896
00:45:47,317 --> 00:45:48,504
-  Ironically one of those

897
00:45:48,504 --> 00:45:51,087
most supportive was Herman Bahr,

898
00:45:51,087 --> 00:45:52,866
Herzl's old fraternity brother

899
00:45:52,866 --> 00:45:57,110
whose anti-Jewish speech caused
his resignation from Albia.

900
00:45:57,110 --> 00:46:00,127
Bahr had long renounced
his anti-Jewish views,

901
00:46:00,127 --> 00:46:03,456
and became a well known
and respected author.

902
00:46:03,456 --> 00:46:06,883
He had written an international
survey of anti-Semitism,

903
00:46:06,883 --> 00:46:10,216
and concluded that it was a new madness.

904
00:46:12,074 --> 00:46:14,487
Another admirer was Sigmund Freud

905
00:46:14,487 --> 00:46:16,528
who would later send a
copy of his seminal book

906
00:46:16,528 --> 00:46:20,353
The Interpretation of Dreams
to Herzl with a letter

907
00:46:20,353 --> 00:46:22,965
praising him for being a fighter

908
00:46:22,965 --> 00:46:26,385
for the human rights of all people.

909
00:46:26,385 --> 00:46:29,479
Herzl also received the
almost unanimous endorsement

910
00:46:29,479 --> 00:46:31,187
from the Jewish student fraternities

911
00:46:31,187 --> 00:46:33,520
at the University of Vienna.

912
00:46:34,523 --> 00:46:36,254
At the University of Berlin

913
00:46:36,254 --> 00:46:37,661
a group of Russian Jewish medical

914
00:46:37,661 --> 00:46:40,835
students who'd been Zionists for years

915
00:46:40,835 --> 00:46:43,663
were jolted by Herzl's book.

916
00:46:43,663 --> 00:46:48,480
One of them was a 22 year
old named Chaim Weizmann.

917
00:46:48,480 --> 00:46:51,637
And veteran Zionists
throughout eastern Europe,

918
00:46:51,637 --> 00:46:54,996
and Russia, and even the
small settlements in Palestine

919
00:46:54,996 --> 00:46:57,010
who had joined the cause decades earlier

920
00:46:57,010 --> 00:46:59,427
also jumped on his bandwagon.

921
00:47:00,672 --> 00:47:03,247
In the shtetl of Plonsk, in Poland,

922
00:47:03,247 --> 00:47:06,182
a 10 year old boy David Grun heard talk

923
00:47:06,182 --> 00:47:08,306
that the Messiah had arrived.

924
00:47:08,306 --> 00:47:10,147
A tall, handsome man.

925
00:47:10,147 --> 00:47:11,874
A learned man of Vienna.

926
00:47:11,874 --> 00:47:14,541
A doctor no less, Theodor Herzl.

927
00:47:16,143 --> 00:47:18,255
Letters of support by the hundreds

928
00:47:18,255 --> 00:47:23,143
starting arriving at the
Herzl home on Pelikangasse.

929
00:47:23,143 --> 00:47:26,696
A polish Rabbi wrote
that 3 million Hasidin

930
00:47:26,696 --> 00:47:29,523
were ready to join the movement.

931
00:47:29,523 --> 00:47:31,812
Julie was horrified when supporters

932
00:47:31,812 --> 00:47:34,498
started showing up at their front door.

933
00:47:34,498 --> 00:47:37,928
The majority of them were
poor eastern European Jews

934
00:47:37,928 --> 00:47:40,396
for whom she had no affinity.

935
00:47:40,396 --> 00:47:44,814
They were the last people she
wanted in her elegant home.

936
00:47:44,814 --> 00:47:46,868
One of the more unusual visitors

937
00:47:46,868 --> 00:47:48,845
was the Reverend William Hechler.

938
00:47:48,845 --> 00:47:50,335
The Anglican minister showed up,

939
00:47:50,335 --> 00:47:53,265
and insisted that it was his destiny

940
00:47:53,265 --> 00:47:55,317
to arrange a meeting between Herzl

941
00:47:55,317 --> 00:47:57,896
and Germany's Grand Duke of Baden

942
00:47:57,896 --> 00:48:02,061
who was also the uncle of
Kaiser Wilhelm the second.

943
00:48:02,061 --> 00:48:05,079
Herzl was taken aback by
the flamboyant Reverend

944
00:48:05,079 --> 00:48:07,844
who asked if he would be
willing to pay his expenses

945
00:48:07,844 --> 00:48:10,794
to travel to Germany to
meet with the Grand Duke

946
00:48:10,794 --> 00:48:13,877
in order to setup the royal audience.

947
00:48:14,810 --> 00:48:17,567
Still he was willing to
risk a few hundred gilden

948
00:48:17,567 --> 00:48:20,532
if there was a chance
that Reverend Hechler

949
00:48:20,532 --> 00:48:24,708
could make good on his word
which he did a few weeks later

950
00:48:24,708 --> 00:48:26,012
when he summoned Herzl to come to

951
00:48:26,012 --> 00:48:28,929
the Grand Duke's estate in Germany.

952
00:48:31,691 --> 00:48:34,550
A nervous Herzl fretted over his remarks,

953
00:48:34,550 --> 00:48:37,541
and worried about what to wear.

954
00:48:37,541 --> 00:48:40,790
But rather than being
intimidated by the Grand Duke

955
00:48:40,790 --> 00:48:44,036
the Zionist leader charmed
and impressed the royal

956
00:48:44,036 --> 00:48:47,179
for the better part of
two and a half hours.

957
00:48:47,179 --> 00:48:49,907
He outlined a scheme where world Jewry

958
00:48:49,907 --> 00:48:51,879
would pay off the huge foreign debt of

959
00:48:51,879 --> 00:48:54,826
Sultan Abdul Hamid and the Ottoman Empire

960
00:48:54,826 --> 00:48:57,123
which controlled Palestine.

961
00:48:57,123 --> 00:48:58,682
In exchange the Jews would be

962
00:48:58,682 --> 00:49:01,611
granted Palestine for their new state.

963
00:49:01,611 --> 00:49:03,806
Herzl wanted the Kaiser's assistance

964
00:49:03,806 --> 00:49:08,757
in convincing Abdul Hamid
to go along with the plan.

965
00:49:08,757 --> 00:49:11,084
By the end of the meeting the Grand Duke

966
00:49:11,084 --> 00:49:15,182
was fully committed to helping
Herzl realize his goal.

967
00:49:15,182 --> 00:49:17,240
He agreed to use his influence to help him

968
00:49:17,240 --> 00:49:19,610
gain a meeting with his nephew.

969
00:49:19,610 --> 00:49:24,448
(calm music)
Leaving the Duke's estate

970
00:49:24,448 --> 00:49:26,552
Herzl was in a daze.

971
00:49:26,552 --> 00:49:29,694
He could not believe what
he'd just accomplished.

972
00:49:29,694 --> 00:49:31,774
12 months previously he was

973
00:49:31,774 --> 00:49:34,378
rejected by Baron von Hirsch.

974
00:49:34,378 --> 00:49:38,545
Now we was a step away from
meeting with the Kaiser.

975
00:49:39,495 --> 00:49:41,789
Writing in his diaries he reflected on

976
00:49:41,789 --> 00:49:45,581
what he had accomplished in a year's time.

977
00:49:45,581 --> 00:49:47,145
-  If during the coming year

978
00:49:47,145 --> 00:49:49,240
I make relatively the same progress

979
00:49:49,240 --> 00:49:51,821
from the zero point of last year

980
00:49:51,821 --> 00:49:55,830
then we shall be at the
L'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim.

981
00:49:55,830 --> 00:49:57,747
Next year in Jerusalem.

982
00:49:59,798 --> 00:50:02,418
-  Herzl returned
home to more good news.

983
00:50:02,418 --> 00:50:04,437
One of his contacts had been in touch

984
00:50:04,437 --> 00:50:08,529
with government officials
in Constantinople.

985
00:50:08,529 --> 00:50:11,300
The word was that Sultan Abdul Hamid

986
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:14,117
was willing to meet with him.

987
00:50:14,117 --> 00:50:16,577
Herzl was soon on his way to Turkey.

988
00:50:16,577 --> 00:50:18,994
(wild music)

989
00:50:28,855 --> 00:50:31,562
Once in Constantinople Herzl found himself

990
00:50:31,562 --> 00:50:33,578
going from one meeting to the next

991
00:50:33,578 --> 00:50:36,738
paying off one Turkish
official after another

992
00:50:36,738 --> 00:50:38,342
in what he quickly learned was

993
00:50:38,342 --> 00:50:41,001
the custom in the Ottoman Empire.

994
00:50:41,001 --> 00:50:44,168
All in the hope of seeing Abdul Hamid.

995
00:50:45,540 --> 00:50:47,442
Despite getting a glimpse of him

996
00:50:47,442 --> 00:50:49,354
at one of his main residences,

997
00:50:49,354 --> 00:50:51,753
and even being invited
on an inspection tour

998
00:50:51,753 --> 00:50:53,982
on the bosphorus of his palaces

999
00:50:53,982 --> 00:50:58,812
the promised audience with
the Sultan never took place.

1000
00:50:58,812 --> 00:51:02,539
The officials to whom Herzl
had paid lavish bribes

1001
00:51:02,539 --> 00:51:06,706
insisted that a meeting would
happen during his next visit.

1002
00:51:07,713 --> 00:51:10,420
At his hotel the evening
before his departure

1003
00:51:10,420 --> 00:51:13,023
Herzl was extremely depressed,

1004
00:51:13,023 --> 00:51:14,708
and then a gift arrived for him

1005
00:51:14,708 --> 00:51:17,683
from one of the royal palaces.

1006
00:51:17,683 --> 00:51:19,678
(calm music)
A box containing the

1007
00:51:19,678 --> 00:51:21,194
Commander's Cross of the Ottoman

1008
00:51:21,194 --> 00:51:23,777
Empire from the Sultan himself.

1009
00:51:24,937 --> 00:51:26,354
His mood changed.

1010
00:51:27,617 --> 00:51:29,658
Herzl wrote in his diary that

1011
00:51:29,658 --> 00:51:32,955
the trip had been a brilliant success.

1012
00:51:32,955 --> 00:51:34,687
He was certain that he had laid the

1013
00:51:34,687 --> 00:51:35,859
foundation for the future

1014
00:51:35,859 --> 00:51:38,791
negotiations with the Ottoman Turks.

1015
00:51:38,791 --> 00:51:41,687
On his way home Herzl stopped off in Paris

1016
00:51:41,687 --> 00:51:43,790
to convene with Max Nordau

1017
00:51:43,790 --> 00:51:45,565
who bolstered his spirits by marveling

1018
00:51:45,565 --> 00:51:49,332
over everything he'd
accomplished in Turkey.

1019
00:51:49,332 --> 00:51:51,240
With Nordau's help he secured a

1020
00:51:51,240 --> 00:51:53,646
meeting with Edmund de Rothschild

1021
00:51:53,646 --> 00:51:54,714
whose family charities had been

1022
00:51:54,714 --> 00:51:58,881
supporting a number of Jewish
colonies throughout Palestine.

1023
00:51:59,819 --> 00:52:01,793
Herzl was hoping that Rothschild would

1024
00:52:01,793 --> 00:52:06,299
be willing to help him in his
negotiations with the Sultan.

1025
00:52:06,299 --> 00:52:08,511
But it turned out that
the French banking heir

1026
00:52:08,511 --> 00:52:10,917
had yet to read The Jewish State,

1027
00:52:10,917 --> 00:52:12,679
and had absolutely no interest in

1028
00:52:12,679 --> 00:52:16,512
the idea of a max exodus
of Jews to Palestine.

1029
00:52:17,876 --> 00:52:18,928
-  It will be impossible to

1030
00:52:18,928 --> 00:52:22,013
control the influx of the
masses into Palestine.

1031
00:52:22,013 --> 00:52:25,456
The first to arrive
will be 150,000 beggars.

1032
00:52:25,456 --> 00:52:28,896
They would have to be
fed, presumably by me,

1033
00:52:28,896 --> 00:52:32,731
and there could be unforeseen mishaps.

1034
00:52:32,731 --> 00:52:35,511
-  Herzl responded furiously.

1035
00:52:35,511 --> 00:52:37,421
-  Are there no mishaps now?

1036
00:52:37,421 --> 00:52:40,024
Is anti-Semitism not a permanent mishap

1037
00:52:40,024 --> 00:52:43,499
with loss of honor, life, and property?

1038
00:52:43,499 --> 00:52:46,875
-  For several hours
the two men argued bitterly.

1039
00:52:46,875 --> 00:52:48,433
When it became clear to Herzl that

1040
00:52:48,433 --> 00:52:52,600
he was getting nowhere with
his case he decided to leave.

1041
00:52:54,415 --> 00:52:58,221
Back at his old Paris
haunt the Hotel Castille

1042
00:52:58,221 --> 00:52:59,938
he expressed his frustrations about

1043
00:52:59,938 --> 00:53:02,942
the meeting to an associate.

1044
00:53:02,942 --> 00:53:05,280
-  There's only one answer.

1045
00:53:05,280 --> 00:53:07,821
Organize our masses at once.

1046
00:53:07,821 --> 00:53:09,184
Let us get them ready to go.

1047
00:53:09,184 --> 00:53:11,955
Stand by for word of command.

1048
00:53:11,955 --> 00:53:13,802
As a means of agitation I suggest

1049
00:53:13,802 --> 00:53:16,385
the flag with seven gold stars.

1050
00:53:17,239 --> 00:53:20,150
Here is my design for it.

1051
00:53:20,150 --> 00:53:23,610
(calm music)
- When he returned to Vienna

1052
00:53:23,610 --> 00:53:26,216
after more than six weeks
away from his family

1053
00:53:26,216 --> 00:53:28,459
he returned to a new home.

1054
00:53:28,459 --> 00:53:31,025
A more elegant address on the Burgasse

1055
00:53:31,025 --> 00:53:33,847
near the house of Sigmund Freud.

1056
00:53:33,847 --> 00:53:35,025
As 1897

1057
00:53:35,025 --> 00:53:37,118
began Herzl was receiving

1058
00:53:37,118 --> 00:53:39,120
hundreds of supporters at his home,

1059
00:53:39,120 --> 00:53:41,318
and preparations were in full swing

1060
00:53:41,318 --> 00:53:43,857
for an international
conference of Zionists

1061
00:53:43,857 --> 00:53:47,024
that he wanted to convene that August.

1062
00:53:47,890 --> 00:53:49,754
He was also forced to go back to work

1063
00:53:49,754 --> 00:53:51,532
at the Neue Freie Presse

1064
00:53:51,532 --> 00:53:53,507
more dependent upon his job than ever

1065
00:53:53,507 --> 00:53:56,507
because of his diminishing finances.

1066
00:53:58,292 --> 00:54:01,723
The strain on his health
was becoming apparent.

1067
00:54:01,723 --> 00:54:03,849
His heart, damaged from his bouts

1068
00:54:03,849 --> 00:54:08,548
of malaria in France years
before, was causing him problems

1069
00:54:08,548 --> 00:54:11,670
forcing him at times to take to his bed.

1070
00:54:11,670 --> 00:54:13,841
Fearing his own mortality he

1071
00:54:13,841 --> 00:54:17,222
wrote his last will and testament.

1072
00:54:17,222 --> 00:54:20,513
In a letter to a friend he exclaimed--

1073
00:54:20,513 --> 00:54:22,832
-  We must think of the future.

1074
00:54:22,832 --> 00:54:25,987
The movement must not rest on two eyes.

1075
00:54:25,987 --> 00:54:28,487
The idea must not die with me.

1076
00:54:31,071 --> 00:54:32,844
-  A few weeks
later Herzl announced

1077
00:54:32,844 --> 00:54:37,724
the creation of Die Welt, or
The World, a Zionist weekly

1078
00:54:37,724 --> 00:54:41,188
initially financed by
his father and himself.

1079
00:54:41,188 --> 00:54:42,489
The announcement led to yet

1080
00:54:42,489 --> 00:54:45,623
another battle with Moriz Benedikt.

1081
00:54:45,623 --> 00:54:47,578
-  I speak as your true friend.

1082
00:54:47,578 --> 00:54:51,107
You only do yourself harm
by standing up as a Jew.

1083
00:54:51,107 --> 00:54:52,843
Heed my friendly advice.

1084
00:54:52,843 --> 00:54:56,283
Promise me that you will
close down Die Welt.

1085
00:54:56,283 --> 00:54:58,284
-  But Herzl
ignored his publisher,

1086
00:54:58,284 --> 00:55:00,661
and even went as far as
cleaning out his desk

1087
00:55:00,661 --> 00:55:04,828
at the Neue Freie Presse
fully expecting to be fired.

1088
00:55:06,083 --> 00:55:07,472
Yet because he was one of the paper's

1089
00:55:07,472 --> 00:55:11,472
most popular columnists
his job remained secure.

1090
00:55:12,841 --> 00:55:15,504
He later jotted in his diary.

1091
00:55:15,504 --> 00:55:17,633
-  The greatest happiness

1092
00:55:17,633 --> 00:55:20,633
to be able to be what one really is.

1093
00:55:22,665 --> 00:55:25,410
-  During the spring
Herzl convened a conference

1094
00:55:25,410 --> 00:55:29,154
of his deputies in Vienna to
organize the Zionist Congress

1095
00:55:29,154 --> 00:55:31,513
he wanted to hold that August.

1096
00:55:31,513 --> 00:55:33,425
Among other things it was decided to

1097
00:55:33,425 --> 00:55:35,878
hold the conference in Munich.

1098
00:55:35,878 --> 00:55:37,541
A central location with plenty

1099
00:55:37,541 --> 00:55:40,508
of kosher restaurants and hotels,

1100
00:55:40,508 --> 00:55:42,017
but as soon as the word got out

1101
00:55:42,017 --> 00:55:45,233
about the congress
trouble began developing.

1102
00:55:45,233 --> 00:55:47,559
Vienna Chief Rabbi Moritz Gudemann,

1103
00:55:47,559 --> 00:55:51,392
who a year and a half earlier
has likened Herzl to Moses,

1104
00:55:51,392 --> 00:55:54,076
wrote an attack against Zionism

1105
00:55:54,076 --> 00:55:58,243
insisting that Judaism and
nationalism were not compatible.

1106
00:55:59,341 --> 00:56:02,165
In Berlin, the Rabbinical
Council of Germany

1107
00:56:02,165 --> 00:56:04,370
also published a strong statement

1108
00:56:04,370 --> 00:56:09,022
against the Zionist movement
and the plans for a congress.

1109
00:56:09,022 --> 00:56:11,646
This led to protests from
Munich's Jewish leadership

1110
00:56:11,646 --> 00:56:15,638
about holding the Zionist
Congress in their city.

1111
00:56:15,638 --> 00:56:17,661
(tense music)
An angry Herzl decided to move

1112
00:56:17,661 --> 00:56:20,389
the convocation to Basel, Switzerland

1113
00:56:20,389 --> 00:56:25,073
where he had more support from
the local Jewish community.

1114
00:56:25,073 --> 00:56:27,903
(calm music)

1115
00:56:27,903 --> 00:56:30,111
Herzl arrived at Basel's hotel

1116
00:56:30,111 --> 00:56:32,597
Les Trois Rois overlooking the Rhine

1117
00:56:32,597 --> 00:56:37,027
a few days before the
congress was to begin.

1118
00:56:37,027 --> 00:56:39,539
He quickly rented the Stadt Casino

1119
00:56:39,539 --> 00:56:41,185
a well known concert hall in a

1120
00:56:41,185 --> 00:56:44,335
small Swiss city for the assembly,

1121
00:56:44,335 --> 00:56:46,978
and then the delegates,
more than 200 of them

1122
00:56:46,978 --> 00:56:50,503
from 17 countries, started to arrive.

1123
00:56:50,503 --> 00:56:52,265
They had come to the congress seeking a

1124
00:56:52,265 --> 00:56:56,115
life beyond pogroms and
religious persecution.

1125
00:56:56,115 --> 00:56:57,888
They could hardly contain their excitement

1126
00:56:57,888 --> 00:56:59,254
over what they believed was

1127
00:56:59,254 --> 00:57:02,489
about to happen for the Jewish people.

1128
00:57:02,489 --> 00:57:04,373
They were sure that they were transforming

1129
00:57:04,373 --> 00:57:06,673
the dream of returning the Jewish people

1130
00:57:06,673 --> 00:57:09,756
to the land of Israel into a reality.

1131
00:57:11,146 --> 00:57:14,522
- This was the first
gathering on such a scale

1132
00:57:14,522 --> 00:57:17,342
that had taken place
for almost 2,000 years.

1133
00:57:17,342 --> 00:57:19,291
Delegates coming from all over the world,

1134
00:57:19,291 --> 00:57:20,608
different Jewish communities,

1135
00:57:20,608 --> 00:57:24,661
meeting in Basel to establish
a Jewish national home

1136
00:57:24,661 --> 00:57:28,348
in Palestine recognized
in international law.

1137
00:57:28,348 --> 00:57:30,388
(calm music)
- The delegates hailed from

1138
00:57:30,388 --> 00:57:34,555
all over Europe, North Africa,
Palestine, and America.

1139
00:57:35,584 --> 00:57:37,534
There were lawyers from Vienna,

1140
00:57:37,534 --> 00:57:39,573
bankers from Holland and Sweden,

1141
00:57:39,573 --> 00:57:42,392
along with professors
and students from Germany

1142
00:57:42,392 --> 00:57:45,594
as well as shopkeepers
from Poland and Hungary.

1143
00:57:45,594 --> 00:57:48,198
Some were rich and others poor.

1144
00:57:48,198 --> 00:57:51,277
Many were young men from
eastern Europe and Russia

1145
00:57:51,277 --> 00:57:53,741
carrying satchels of
food with them from home

1146
00:57:53,741 --> 00:57:57,255
prepared by their wives and
mothers for the long journey

1147
00:57:57,255 --> 00:58:00,225
primarily by third class rail.

1148
00:58:00,225 --> 00:58:02,777
The religious mingled with the secular.

1149
00:58:02,777 --> 00:58:07,392
One group that stayed away
was the Jewish aristocracy,

1150
00:58:07,392 --> 00:58:09,730
and so did the Neue Freie Presse.

1151
00:58:09,730 --> 00:58:11,117
While more than 30 members of

1152
00:58:11,117 --> 00:58:13,789
the world press covered the congress

1153
00:58:13,789 --> 00:58:16,583
Herzl's editors who were angrily opposed

1154
00:58:16,583 --> 00:58:20,478
to his Zionist activities
chose not to send a reporter,

1155
00:58:20,478 --> 00:58:22,128
and never mentioned one word

1156
00:58:22,128 --> 00:58:25,164
about the conference in the paper.

1157
00:58:25,164 --> 00:58:26,908
(calm music)
Julie Herzl was also

1158
00:58:26,908 --> 00:58:28,501
a no show.

1159
00:58:28,501 --> 00:58:30,665
She and her husband had argued for weeks

1160
00:58:30,665 --> 00:58:33,568
because she refused to attend.

1161
00:58:33,568 --> 00:58:36,736
She disapproved of her
husband's Zionist activities

1162
00:58:36,736 --> 00:58:39,311
even more than his employers did.

1163
00:58:39,311 --> 00:58:40,613
What had happened to the prominent

1164
00:58:40,613 --> 00:58:43,341
journalist she had married she demanded.

1165
00:58:43,341 --> 00:58:45,533
The well known man about town

1166
00:58:45,533 --> 00:58:47,678
who was now leading an ethnic cause

1167
00:58:47,678 --> 00:58:50,649
she had no interest in whatsoever.

1168
00:58:50,649 --> 00:58:53,232
(elated music)

1169
00:59:01,412 --> 00:59:03,298
Herzl's experience in the theater

1170
00:59:03,298 --> 00:59:06,610
gave him a sense of how
to choreograph the event.

1171
00:59:06,610 --> 00:59:08,875
He personally supervised the lighting,

1172
00:59:08,875 --> 00:59:13,042
the stage setting, and even
how the delegates would dress.

1173
00:59:15,411 --> 00:59:18,074
That evening as he walked to the podium

1174
00:59:18,074 --> 00:59:20,242
to deliver his inaugural address

1175
00:59:20,242 --> 00:59:22,905
Theodor Herzl was greeted
with a stomping of feet,

1176
00:59:22,905 --> 00:59:25,320
and a thunderous ovation.
(crowd cheering)

1177
00:59:25,320 --> 00:59:28,571
People reached out to kiss
his hand as he walked by.

1178
00:59:28,571 --> 00:59:31,272
On the stage as he tried
to begin his speech

1179
00:59:31,272 --> 00:59:33,721
the cheers of the crowd would not end.

1180
00:59:33,721 --> 00:59:36,363
One delegate, the Hebrew writer Ben Amid,

1181
00:59:36,363 --> 00:59:38,400
recorded how among the cheers one

1182
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:41,828
could hear the cries of
(speaking foreign language)

1183
00:59:41,828 --> 00:59:43,411
Long live the King.

1184
00:59:44,317 --> 00:59:46,794
When he finally got the
opportunity to speak

1185
00:59:46,794 --> 00:59:49,735
Herzl went straight to the point.

1186
00:59:49,735 --> 00:59:52,765
He explained that they needed
to setup an organization

1187
00:59:52,765 --> 00:59:54,934
to negotiate with the great powers,

1188
00:59:54,934 --> 00:59:57,491
and specifically with the Ottoman Empire

1189
00:59:57,491 --> 01:00:01,757
to achieve Jewish settlement
in Palestine on a large scale.

1190
01:00:01,757 --> 01:00:03,817
Jewish colonization should no longer

1191
01:00:03,817 --> 01:00:05,292
be conducted in secret,

1192
01:00:05,292 --> 01:00:08,285
and must be in accord
with international law.

1193
01:00:08,285 --> 01:00:11,656
Herzl concluded that the
goal of the Zionist Congress

1194
01:00:11,656 --> 01:00:14,323
was to create a new kind of Jew.

1195
01:00:15,331 --> 01:00:18,334
-  A people
can only help itself.

1196
01:00:18,334 --> 01:00:23,123
If it cannot that people
cannot be helped at all.

1197
01:00:23,123 --> 01:00:26,050
We want to lay the
cornerstone of the edifice

1198
01:00:26,050 --> 01:00:30,339
that is one day to
house the Jewish nation.

1199
01:00:30,339 --> 01:00:33,183
We have come home as it were.

1200
01:00:33,183 --> 01:00:35,756
Zionism is our return to Judaism

1201
01:00:35,756 --> 01:00:38,567
even before our return to the Jewish land.

1202
01:00:38,567 --> 01:00:40,793
(crowd cheering)

1203
01:00:40,793 --> 01:00:42,290
-  When Herzl
finished his speech

1204
01:00:42,290 --> 01:00:44,979
pandemonium once again broke out.

1205
01:00:44,979 --> 01:00:47,164
The crowd rushed to the stage

1206
01:00:47,164 --> 01:00:49,733
knocking over chairs and tables.

1207
01:00:49,733 --> 01:00:52,316
A woman in the gallery fainted.

1208
01:00:53,280 --> 01:00:55,377
As Herzl rested in his hotel room

1209
01:00:55,377 --> 01:00:57,437
for the first time in days he

1210
01:00:57,437 --> 01:01:00,716
took a moment to write in his diary.

1211
01:01:00,716 --> 01:01:01,990
-  The man who brought to Basel

1212
01:01:01,990 --> 01:01:03,462
the daydreams he had had in

1213
01:01:03,462 --> 01:01:06,751
the Tuilerie gardens two years before

1214
01:01:06,751 --> 01:01:08,251
that man may yet sail the

1215
01:01:08,251 --> 01:01:11,751
Mediterranean Sea as a Jew returning home.

1216
01:01:15,180 --> 01:01:16,379
-  On the Sabbath,

1217
01:01:16,379 --> 01:01:19,295
a day before the first
Zionist Congress opened,

1218
01:01:19,295 --> 01:01:21,495
Theodor Herzl and Max Nordau

1219
01:01:21,495 --> 01:01:23,165
who could count on less than one hand

1220
01:01:23,165 --> 01:01:26,347
the number of times they'd
been to synagogue as adults

1221
01:01:26,347 --> 01:01:29,618
decided to attend services out of respect

1222
01:01:29,618 --> 01:01:32,109
to the religious
delegates who were coming,

1223
01:01:32,109 --> 01:01:34,942
and the Jewish community of Basel.

1224
01:01:37,647 --> 01:01:39,072
When the Zionist leader was called up

1225
01:01:39,072 --> 01:01:41,610
to the Torah to say the blessings

1226
01:01:41,610 --> 01:01:45,777
there was a hush as he recited
them perfectly without pause.

1227
01:01:48,610 --> 01:01:50,712
Herzl's trip to the synagogue was also

1228
01:01:50,712 --> 01:01:52,751
evidence of a growing relationship

1229
01:01:52,751 --> 01:01:55,633
with Basel's Rabbi Arthur Cohen

1230
01:01:55,633 --> 01:01:59,459
who also served as Chief
Rabbi of Switzerland.

1231
01:01:59,459 --> 01:02:01,449
At the closing session of the congress

1232
01:02:01,449 --> 01:02:04,076
one of the most emotional moments occurred

1233
01:02:04,076 --> 01:02:06,540
when Rabbi Cohen came to the podium

1234
01:02:06,540 --> 01:02:09,381
and recalled how several weeks earlier he,

1235
01:02:09,381 --> 01:02:11,555
like most of Europe's Rabbis,

1236
01:02:11,555 --> 01:02:14,367
spoke out against Zionism.

1237
01:02:14,367 --> 01:02:16,658
But now, he explained,
that after listening

1238
01:02:16,658 --> 01:02:18,760
to the speeches of the past few days

1239
01:02:18,760 --> 01:02:23,299
and meeting with Herzl
he had a change of heart.

1240
01:02:23,299 --> 01:02:26,549
He was now a supporter of the movement.

1241
01:02:27,448 --> 01:02:30,744
The Rabbi expressed that
he had only one concern

1242
01:02:30,744 --> 01:02:32,471
about the new Jewish state.

1243
01:02:32,471 --> 01:02:36,597
Would the Sabbath, and other
doctrines of the faith be kept?

1244
01:02:36,597 --> 01:02:39,627
Herzl rose from his
chair and answered him.

1245
01:02:39,627 --> 01:02:41,755
-  Judaism has nothing to fear

1246
01:02:41,755 --> 01:02:44,285
from the Jewish state.

1247
01:02:44,285 --> 01:02:45,805
-  Rabbi Cohen responded that

1248
01:02:45,805 --> 01:02:49,810
he would now dedicate his
life to the Zionist cause.

1249
01:02:49,810 --> 01:02:51,727
- My grandfather

1250
01:02:51,727 --> 01:02:52,816
was a man

1251
01:02:52,816 --> 01:02:56,091
not only of an enormous wisdom.

1252
01:02:56,091 --> 01:02:58,442
He had an enormous wisdom of life,

1253
01:02:58,442 --> 01:03:00,132
and his vision

1254
01:03:00,132 --> 01:03:01,079
was

1255
01:03:01,079 --> 01:03:04,038
that the future of Judaism

1256
01:03:04,038 --> 01:03:06,502
must be linked with something

1257
01:03:06,502 --> 01:03:09,502
like what Theodor Herzl wanted.

1258
01:03:09,502 --> 01:03:11,985
The greatness of the whole thing

1259
01:03:11,985 --> 01:03:12,948
is

1260
01:03:12,948 --> 01:03:16,096
Herzl himself, an assimilated Jew,

1261
01:03:16,096 --> 01:03:19,028
with no knowledge whatsoever about

1262
01:03:19,028 --> 01:03:21,398
any tenets of Judaism

1263
01:03:21,398 --> 01:03:22,275
insists

1264
01:03:22,275 --> 01:03:26,689
that they absolutely
need an Orthodox Rabbi

1265
01:03:26,689 --> 01:03:28,207
because if you don't have that

1266
01:03:28,207 --> 01:03:30,224
we will not have the Orthodox Jewry

1267
01:03:30,224 --> 01:03:32,222
and if you don't have the Orthodox Jewry

1268
01:03:32,222 --> 01:03:36,139
the whole Zionist movement
will have no future.

1269
01:03:37,327 --> 01:03:38,561
-  As Herzl announced the

1270
01:03:38,561 --> 01:03:41,462
first Zionist Congress is now closed

1271
01:03:41,462 --> 01:03:43,177
a celebration took place that even the

1272
01:03:43,177 --> 01:03:46,421
Zionist newspaper Die
Welt maintained was hard

1273
01:03:46,421 --> 01:03:48,788
to adequately describe.
(crowd murmuring)

1274
01:03:48,788 --> 01:03:52,343
Delegates danced and sang
while embracing and kissing.

1275
01:03:52,343 --> 01:03:54,201
Women waved handkerchiefs.

1276
01:03:54,201 --> 01:03:56,405
Throughout the hall cries of next year

1277
01:03:56,405 --> 01:03:58,380
in Jerusalem could be heard.

1278
01:03:58,380 --> 01:04:01,641
The scene went on for more than an hour.

1279
01:04:01,641 --> 01:04:03,897
In the days following
the delegates meditated

1280
01:04:03,897 --> 01:04:06,048
on how profoundly the experience

1281
01:04:06,048 --> 01:04:07,980
had not only changed them,

1282
01:04:07,980 --> 01:04:11,287
but the future of the
Jewish people as well.

1283
01:04:11,287 --> 01:04:14,998
Leib Yaffe from Grodno spoke for many.

1284
01:04:14,998 --> 01:04:16,844
-  For us the first congress

1285
01:04:16,844 --> 01:04:19,763
was a crisis that changed our faith.

1286
01:04:19,763 --> 01:04:22,660
It revolutionized our entire world,

1287
01:04:22,660 --> 01:04:26,309
and divided the history of
our exile into two parts.

1288
01:04:26,309 --> 01:04:28,739
The first before the congress,

1289
01:04:28,739 --> 01:04:32,119
and the second the part that came after.

1290
01:04:32,119 --> 01:04:33,777
-  Writer Israel Zangwill,

1291
01:04:33,777 --> 01:04:35,514
a delegate from England,

1292
01:04:35,514 --> 01:04:38,416
was known for being a skeptic and a cynic.

1293
01:04:38,416 --> 01:04:40,974
He was uncharacteristically emotional

1294
01:04:40,974 --> 01:04:44,138
when he wrote about the congress.

1295
01:04:44,138 --> 01:04:45,564
-  By the rivers of Babylon

1296
01:04:45,564 --> 01:04:49,227
we sat down and wept
as we remembered Zion.

1297
01:04:49,227 --> 01:04:50,568
By the river of Basel
(calm music)

1298
01:04:50,568 --> 01:04:53,985
we sat down and resolved to weep no more.

1299
01:04:55,229 --> 01:04:56,723
-  Not long after its end

1300
01:04:56,723 --> 01:04:59,041
Theodor Herzl also reflected on

1301
01:04:59,041 --> 01:05:03,333
what had been accomplished at
the first Zionist Congress.

1302
01:05:03,333 --> 01:05:04,292
-  Were I to sum up

1303
01:05:04,292 --> 01:05:09,001
the Basel Congress in a
few words it would be this.

1304
01:05:09,001 --> 01:05:12,001
In Basel I founded the Jewish state.

1305
01:05:13,296 --> 01:05:15,007
If I said this aloud today I would

1306
01:05:15,007 --> 01:05:17,660
be answered by universal laughter.

1307
01:05:17,660 --> 01:05:20,775
Perhaps in five years,
and certainly in 50,

1308
01:05:20,775 --> 01:05:22,442
everyone will agree.

1309
01:05:31,770 --> 01:05:33,047
-  The Zionist Congress

1310
01:05:33,047 --> 01:05:37,736
profoundly changed Herzl's
personal life as well.

1311
01:05:37,736 --> 01:05:41,431
That December there was no
Christmas tree in his house.

1312
01:05:41,431 --> 01:05:44,098
Instead Hanukkah was celebrated.

1313
01:05:45,779 --> 01:05:48,195
Just before the holiday Herzl penned

1314
01:05:48,195 --> 01:05:52,362
an autobiographical short
story entitled The Menorah.

1315
01:05:53,777 --> 01:05:55,662
-  There was a man
who felt deep in his heart

1316
01:05:55,662 --> 01:05:58,005
the distress of being a Jew.

1317
01:05:58,005 --> 01:06:01,034
He had long ignored his Jewish origin.

1318
01:06:01,034 --> 01:06:03,546
Then the old hatred rose again.

1319
01:06:03,546 --> 01:06:04,801
Like many others he believed

1320
01:06:04,801 --> 01:06:06,867
that the trend would soon disappear,

1321
01:06:06,867 --> 01:06:08,639
but it grew worse.

1322
01:06:08,639 --> 01:06:10,871
The mounting assaults pained him

1323
01:06:10,871 --> 01:06:14,136
until his soul was one bleeding wound.

1324
01:06:14,136 --> 01:06:15,747
And it came to pass that through these

1325
01:06:15,747 --> 01:06:18,340
inner muted passions he was led

1326
01:06:18,340 --> 01:06:21,551
to their source to his Judaism.

1327
01:06:21,551 --> 01:06:25,450
Out of dark feelings grew clear thoughts.

1328
01:06:25,450 --> 01:06:27,627
He uttered them aloud.

1329
01:06:27,627 --> 01:06:30,527
The one way out of the
misery of being Jewish

1330
01:06:30,527 --> 01:06:32,777
is to return to Jewishness.

1331
01:06:35,844 --> 01:06:37,866
-  Throughout 1898 Herzl

1332
01:06:37,866 --> 01:06:39,905
and the Zionist movement continued

1333
01:06:39,905 --> 01:06:42,728
to gain credibility around the world.

1334
01:06:42,728 --> 01:06:44,808
By the fall he received word that

1335
01:06:44,808 --> 01:06:47,259
Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm the second

1336
01:06:47,259 --> 01:06:49,852
was ready to endorse his plan.

1337
01:06:49,852 --> 01:06:51,670
The Emperor was willing to meet with Herzl

1338
01:06:51,670 --> 01:06:54,188
in Constantinople where he was on his way

1339
01:06:54,188 --> 01:06:57,393
to the Holy Land for a pilgrimage.

1340
01:06:57,393 --> 01:07:01,029
Wilhelm the second had no
great love for the Jews.

1341
01:07:01,029 --> 01:07:03,413
He was known to call them kikes,

1342
01:07:03,413 --> 01:07:05,621
and felt that their
persecution was deserved

1343
01:07:05,621 --> 01:07:09,788
for having been responsible
for the killing of Jesus.

1344
01:07:10,946 --> 01:07:12,760
But that October when the audience

1345
01:07:12,760 --> 01:07:16,464
took place in Constantinople
in one of the Sultan's palaces

1346
01:07:16,464 --> 01:07:20,342
the Kaiser was very blunt with Herzl.

1347
01:07:20,342 --> 01:07:21,860
-  There are
elements among your people

1348
01:07:21,860 --> 01:07:24,971
for whom it would be a good
thing to move to Palestine.

1349
01:07:24,971 --> 01:07:28,260
There are users at work
among the rural population.

1350
01:07:28,260 --> 01:07:30,200
If these people settled in the colonies

1351
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:33,601
with their possessions they
would be more useful citizens.

1352
01:07:33,601 --> 01:07:35,715
-  Herzl became so irritated

1353
01:07:35,715 --> 01:07:38,224
that he almost lost his composure.

1354
01:07:38,224 --> 01:07:39,368
-  Jews are neither better

1355
01:07:39,368 --> 01:07:41,732
nor worse than other people.

1356
01:07:41,732 --> 01:07:43,244
Anti-Semitism is stabbing the

1357
01:07:43,244 --> 01:07:45,975
very best of us right to the heart.

1358
01:07:45,975 --> 01:07:47,908
We have been deeply hurt.

1359
01:07:47,908 --> 01:07:49,767
After all we will be taking the Jews

1360
01:07:49,767 --> 01:07:52,606
away from the revolutionary parties.

1361
01:07:52,606 --> 01:07:56,346
-  Herzl's remarks
disarmed the situation.

1362
01:07:56,346 --> 01:07:57,739
The Kaiser announced that he

1363
01:07:57,739 --> 01:07:59,454
would receive the Zionist leader

1364
01:07:59,454 --> 01:08:02,005
and his delegation in Jerusalem where,

1365
01:08:02,005 --> 01:08:04,171
in a formal setting, Herzl could

1366
01:08:04,171 --> 01:08:08,449
present his plan in a
speech to the royal party.

1367
01:08:08,449 --> 01:08:11,120
A few days later Herzl and his delegation

1368
01:08:11,120 --> 01:08:14,327
were aboard a steamship
on their way to Palestine.

1369
01:08:14,327 --> 01:08:18,494
(waves splashing)
(calm music)

1370
01:08:24,879 --> 01:08:28,306
-  About 7 o'clock
the first touch of land.

1371
01:08:28,306 --> 01:08:32,209
Two little mountain tops were sighted.

1372
01:08:32,209 --> 01:08:33,243
-  The delegation arrived in

1373
01:08:33,243 --> 01:08:36,160
Jaffa Harbor early on October 26th.

1374
01:08:38,489 --> 01:08:40,265
The Jaffa to which Herzl arrived

1375
01:08:40,265 --> 01:08:42,371
looked better from afar.

1376
01:08:42,371 --> 01:08:44,424
(bells ringing)
It was a city of poverty,

1377
01:08:44,424 --> 01:08:46,903
of mud huts, and open sewers.

1378
01:08:46,903 --> 01:08:51,311
Just 10% of the city's
32,000 residents were Jews,

1379
01:08:51,311 --> 01:08:52,894
but many of them crowded the harbor

1380
01:08:52,894 --> 01:08:57,551
to catch a glimpse of the
author of The Jewish State.

1381
01:08:57,551 --> 01:08:58,765
They were eager to see the man

1382
01:08:58,765 --> 01:09:01,182
they called King of the Jews.

1383
01:09:03,401 --> 01:09:06,415
Over the course of two
days Herzl and his party

1384
01:09:06,415 --> 01:09:10,082
visited one Jewish
settlement after another.

1385
01:09:12,070 --> 01:09:14,670
(birds chirping)
One of the stops was the

1386
01:09:14,670 --> 01:09:18,837
agricultural school of Mikveh,
Israel founded in 1817.

1387
01:09:19,695 --> 01:09:21,471
Herzl had been informed that the

1388
01:09:21,471 --> 01:09:24,641
Kaiser would be traveling
by horseback to Jerusalem

1389
01:09:24,641 --> 01:09:27,776
stopping at Mikveh, Israel along the way.

1390
01:09:27,776 --> 01:09:29,552
It was suggested that he try

1391
01:09:29,552 --> 01:09:32,302
to meet Wilhelm the second there.

1392
01:09:33,213 --> 01:09:34,664
The Kaiser rode up to the gates of

1393
01:09:34,664 --> 01:09:37,156
the settlement on a huge white stallion,

1394
01:09:37,156 --> 01:09:39,586
and seeing Herzl, greeted him,

1395
01:09:39,586 --> 01:09:43,727
and began conversing about
his impressions of Palestine.

1396
01:09:43,727 --> 01:09:45,254
A member of the delegation had been

1397
01:09:45,254 --> 01:09:48,446
recruited to take a photo
of the Kaiser and Herzl,

1398
01:09:48,446 --> 01:09:50,081
but he was so nervous that he

1399
01:09:50,081 --> 01:09:53,842
only managed to capture
Herzl's hand in the lens.

1400
01:09:53,842 --> 01:09:56,615
When the error was noticed
after it was developed

1401
01:09:56,615 --> 01:09:59,239
another member of the group had an idea.

1402
01:09:59,239 --> 01:10:02,771
A snapshot of Herzl and
a snapshot of the Emperor

1403
01:10:02,771 --> 01:10:05,920
were sent to a photo
retoucher who merged the two

1404
01:10:05,920 --> 01:10:07,691
in what became the official photo

1405
01:10:07,691 --> 01:10:11,274
the Zionist movement
sent around the world.

1406
01:10:12,580 --> 01:10:14,758
(calm music)
Shortly after the encounter

1407
01:10:14,758 --> 01:10:19,523
Herzl and his delegation
traveled by train to Jerusalem.

1408
01:10:19,523 --> 01:10:21,198
He toured the old city,

1409
01:10:21,198 --> 01:10:25,548
and visited the Kotel the western
wall of the Second Temple.

1410
01:10:25,548 --> 01:10:29,100
- He was disappointed with
what he saw in Jerusalem.

1411
01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:30,746
He was shocked,

1412
01:10:30,746 --> 01:10:31,996
and taken aback

1413
01:10:33,468 --> 01:10:35,557
by their squalor,

1414
01:10:35,557 --> 01:10:38,525
the backwardness, the misery.

1415
01:10:38,525 --> 01:10:43,083
At the same time he saw the
potential of the country.

1416
01:10:43,083 --> 01:10:45,002
He didn't cast any doubts

1417
01:10:45,002 --> 01:10:46,538
on the

1418
01:10:46,538 --> 01:10:47,951
correctness

1419
01:10:47,951 --> 01:10:49,110
of his

1420
01:10:49,110 --> 01:10:53,857
vision that this would have to
be the Jewish national home.

1421
01:10:53,857 --> 01:10:55,283
-  After waiting almost a week

1422
01:10:55,283 --> 01:10:56,736
Herzl and his delegation were

1423
01:10:56,736 --> 01:11:00,194
finally called to see the Kaiser.

1424
01:11:00,194 --> 01:11:02,533
Dressed in formal attire they arrived

1425
01:11:02,533 --> 01:11:05,070
at the Emperor's encampment.

1426
01:11:05,070 --> 01:11:07,883
Herzl started his speech by describing

1427
01:11:07,883 --> 01:11:10,575
the nature of the Zionist dream.

1428
01:11:10,575 --> 01:11:13,459
-  We are
bound to the sacred soil.

1429
01:11:13,459 --> 01:11:16,256
Many generations have come
since this land was Jewish,

1430
01:11:16,256 --> 01:11:17,996
but the dream still lives on in

1431
01:11:17,996 --> 01:11:20,353
the many hundreds and thousands.

1432
01:11:20,353 --> 01:11:22,020
Whenever foes oppressed us,

1433
01:11:22,020 --> 01:11:24,885
whenever we were begrudged
our rights to live

1434
01:11:24,885 --> 01:11:28,586
in our depressed hearts
we remembered Zion.

1435
01:11:28,586 --> 01:11:30,645
This is the land of our fathers.

1436
01:11:30,645 --> 01:11:32,796
It cries out for its people.

1437
01:11:32,796 --> 01:11:35,047
No man's rights or religious feelings

1438
01:11:35,047 --> 01:11:37,753
are threatened by our idea.

1439
01:11:37,753 --> 01:11:39,571
-  Herzl fully
expected the Kaiser

1440
01:11:39,571 --> 01:11:43,993
to respond as enthusiastically
as he did in Constantinople.

1441
01:11:43,993 --> 01:11:46,936
Wilhelm the second proceeded
to make small talk,

1442
01:11:46,936 --> 01:11:48,653
discussing Palestine's water,

1443
01:11:48,653 --> 01:11:51,253
and agricultural needs for a few minutes.

1444
01:11:51,253 --> 01:11:54,503
He then stood up and ended the meeting.

1445
01:11:55,804 --> 01:11:58,167
As Herzl was ushered out of the royal tent

1446
01:11:58,167 --> 01:12:00,653
he could not believe what was happening.

1447
01:12:00,653 --> 01:12:03,887
The Kaiser had changed his mind.

1448
01:12:03,887 --> 01:12:06,006
The Zionist leader was in shock,

1449
01:12:06,006 --> 01:12:09,507
and did not utter a word on
the way back to the hotel.

1450
01:12:09,507 --> 01:12:11,053
(train engine clacking)
The next day he

1451
01:12:11,053 --> 01:12:14,636
and the delegation
abruptly left Palestine.

1452
01:12:19,356 --> 01:12:21,832
(hooves thudding)

1453
01:12:21,832 --> 01:12:23,990
Upon returning to Vienna Herzl went back

1454
01:12:23,990 --> 01:12:27,054
to his job at the Neue Freie Presse.

1455
01:12:27,054 --> 01:12:30,690
He had not reported one
word about his trip.

1456
01:12:30,690 --> 01:12:32,851
He had just met with the Kaiser,

1457
01:12:32,851 --> 01:12:35,992
something no Jew had ever done,

1458
01:12:35,992 --> 01:12:40,250
yet it did not merit a
story in his own newspaper.

1459
01:12:40,250 --> 01:12:42,284
(calm music)
On the personal front

1460
01:12:42,284 --> 01:12:44,219
the pressures of family and finances

1461
01:12:44,219 --> 01:12:48,310
were greater than ever
on the Zionist leader.

1462
01:12:48,310 --> 01:12:50,149
Julie insisted that the family move

1463
01:12:50,149 --> 01:12:52,364
to an even grander home in one of

1464
01:12:52,364 --> 01:12:54,868
Vienna's most opulent neighborhoods

1465
01:12:54,868 --> 01:12:57,620
where the children were
looked after by governesses,

1466
01:12:57,620 --> 01:12:59,965
and educated by private tutors

1467
01:12:59,965 --> 01:13:01,926
despite the fact that more than

1468
01:13:01,926 --> 01:13:04,440
half of Julie's dowry was gone,

1469
01:13:04,440 --> 01:13:05,891
and much of what she'd inherited

1470
01:13:05,891 --> 01:13:10,027
from her father's estate
had also been spent.

1471
01:13:10,027 --> 01:13:12,667
Financing Die Welt had cost Herzl

1472
01:13:12,667 --> 01:13:14,749
more than 50,000 gilden,

1473
01:13:14,749 --> 01:13:16,097
and there was no telling how much

1474
01:13:16,097 --> 01:13:17,336
of his own funds had gone to

1475
01:13:17,336 --> 01:13:20,253
cover his travels for the movement.

1476
01:13:21,452 --> 01:13:24,611
In frail health for
years all of the strain

1477
01:13:24,611 --> 01:13:26,819
in his professional and personal life

1478
01:13:26,819 --> 01:13:29,121
were starting to take its toll.

1479
01:13:29,121 --> 01:13:33,399
He fainted and collapsed
on a number of occasions.

1480
01:13:33,399 --> 01:13:34,874
In a diary entry he wrote on

1481
01:13:34,874 --> 01:13:38,988
the occasion of his 41st
birthday May the 2nd, 1901

1482
01:13:38,988 --> 01:13:43,281
he commented on how difficult
the struggle had been.

1483
01:13:43,281 --> 01:13:45,925
-  The wind
blows through the stubble.

1484
01:13:45,925 --> 01:13:48,310
I must my pace redouble.

1485
01:13:48,310 --> 01:13:51,512
It is almost six years since
I started this movement

1486
01:13:51,512 --> 01:13:54,762
which has made me old, tired, and poor.

1487
01:13:55,903 --> 01:13:57,900
-  Yet Hertz was convinced

1488
01:13:57,900 --> 01:13:59,443
that he had made the right decision

1489
01:13:59,443 --> 01:14:02,193
in devoting himself to the cause.

1490
01:14:03,151 --> 01:14:07,318
-  Zionism has
been the Sabbath of my life.

1491
01:14:08,603 --> 01:14:11,289
(birds chirping)
- Despite his failing health

1492
01:14:11,289 --> 01:14:14,409
over the next 18 months he made three more

1493
01:14:14,409 --> 01:14:16,834
unsuccessful trips to Constantinople

1494
01:14:16,834 --> 01:14:20,674
unable to strike a deal with
the Sultan for Palestine.

1495
01:14:20,674 --> 01:14:22,665
(train chugging)
He traveled back and forth

1496
01:14:22,665 --> 01:14:25,327
across Europe from Vienna to London

1497
01:14:25,327 --> 01:14:28,101
looking to raise money for the movement,

1498
01:14:28,101 --> 01:14:30,875
but wherever he went, the rich Jews

1499
01:14:30,875 --> 01:14:33,352
continued to close their doors to him.

1500
01:14:33,352 --> 01:14:37,504
Only the poor supported him financially.

1501
01:14:37,504 --> 01:14:40,716
In order to escape the
constant stress of his life

1502
01:14:40,716 --> 01:14:43,484
Herzl turned to writing, in this case,

1503
01:14:43,484 --> 01:14:46,215
a novel entitled Altneuland,

1504
01:14:46,215 --> 01:14:47,548
or Old New Land.

1505
01:14:48,645 --> 01:14:51,311
- In this novel he envisages

1506
01:14:51,311 --> 01:14:54,320
the new Palestine which has been settled

1507
01:14:54,320 --> 01:14:55,947
and developed by Jews

1508
01:14:55,947 --> 01:14:57,938
as being at the hub

1509
01:14:57,938 --> 01:14:59,021
of a revived,

1510
01:15:00,330 --> 01:15:02,991
commercially advanced Middle East

1511
01:15:02,991 --> 01:15:07,350
which has connections
with the whole world.

1512
01:15:07,350 --> 01:15:09,536
(hooves thudding)
- Altneuland took an

1513
01:15:09,536 --> 01:15:11,350
idealistic position on the future

1514
01:15:11,350 --> 01:15:13,978
of relations with the Arabs.

1515
01:15:13,978 --> 01:15:17,135
Herzl believed that the
Jews coming to Palestine

1516
01:15:17,135 --> 01:15:19,868
would not only enrich their own lives,

1517
01:15:19,868 --> 01:15:23,636
but those of the Arabs
living there as well.

1518
01:15:23,636 --> 01:15:26,417
The book became a best
seller around the world,

1519
01:15:26,417 --> 01:15:27,740
and Herzl considered it his best

1520
01:15:27,740 --> 01:15:30,073
work after The Jewish State.

1521
01:15:33,040 --> 01:15:37,358
Not long after its publication
in the spring of 1902

1522
01:15:37,358 --> 01:15:39,458
Herzl's beloved father Jakob died

1523
01:15:39,458 --> 01:15:44,153
suddenly of a massive stroke.
(heavy music)

1524
01:15:44,153 --> 01:15:47,131
-  My dear,
my good, my golden one.

1525
01:15:47,131 --> 01:15:49,726
How greatly I remain in his debt.

1526
01:15:49,726 --> 01:15:51,565
I owe him everything.

1527
01:15:51,565 --> 01:15:54,889
He stood by my side like a tree.

1528
01:15:54,889 --> 01:15:56,722
Now that tree is gone.

1529
01:15:58,808 --> 01:16:00,148
-  Jakob Herzl was buried

1530
01:16:00,148 --> 01:16:02,962
in a temporary grave in Vienna.

1531
01:16:02,962 --> 01:16:05,822
His son refused to buy a family vault

1532
01:16:05,822 --> 01:16:07,446
sure that his father's remains would

1533
01:16:07,446 --> 01:16:09,915
be transported to Palestine when

1534
01:16:09,915 --> 01:16:12,668
the rest of the family moved there.

1535
01:16:12,668 --> 01:16:14,601
After the mourning period ended

1536
01:16:14,601 --> 01:16:17,484
Herzl turned his sights on England.

1537
01:16:17,484 --> 01:16:19,607
Even though it had almost no influence

1538
01:16:19,607 --> 01:16:22,189
over the Ottoman Turks
the British government

1539
01:16:22,189 --> 01:16:25,643
had adopted a sympathetic view of Zionism.

1540
01:16:25,643 --> 01:16:27,603
He now began meeting regularly with

1541
01:16:27,603 --> 01:16:29,988
Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain

1542
01:16:29,988 --> 01:16:33,140
and several other officials.

1543
01:16:33,140 --> 01:16:36,530
During one of those meetings
the colonial secretary,

1544
01:16:36,530 --> 01:16:38,311
and father of the future Prime Minister

1545
01:16:38,311 --> 01:16:41,621
Neville Chamberlain, proposed an idea.

1546
01:16:41,621 --> 01:16:44,679
There was a British territory
he could offer to Herzl

1547
01:16:44,679 --> 01:16:47,683
where the Jews could move to immediately.

1548
01:16:47,683 --> 01:16:49,176
Uganda.

1549
01:16:49,176 --> 01:16:52,492
The Zionist leader was not interested.

1550
01:16:52,492 --> 01:16:54,992
(tense music)

1551
01:17:10,289 --> 01:17:14,674
But then on April 19th,
1903 anti-Jewish violence

1552
01:17:14,674 --> 01:17:18,263
broke out in the Russian town of Kishinev.

1553
01:17:18,263 --> 01:17:20,332
Some 50 Jews were murdered,

1554
01:17:20,332 --> 01:17:22,707
over 600 seriously wounded,

1555
01:17:22,707 --> 01:17:25,957
thousands of shops and homes destroyed.

1556
01:17:28,735 --> 01:17:31,184
The news reached Herzl as he was in London

1557
01:17:31,184 --> 01:17:34,084
for another round of
meetings with Chamberlain.

1558
01:17:34,084 --> 01:17:35,403
He decided to accept the

1559
01:17:35,403 --> 01:17:39,154
colonial secretary's offer of Uganda.

1560
01:17:39,154 --> 01:17:42,511
- Herzl was driven by the thought

1561
01:17:42,511 --> 01:17:45,415
there was not much time left.

1562
01:17:45,415 --> 01:17:49,708
This is a man who almost
has a prophetic sense

1563
01:17:49,708 --> 01:17:52,438
that the ground is literally burning

1564
01:17:52,438 --> 01:17:55,499
under the feet of the Jewish people,

1565
01:17:55,499 --> 01:17:58,925
and if they don't get it in time

1566
01:17:58,925 --> 01:18:00,826
a catastrophe will occur.

1567
01:18:00,826 --> 01:18:04,076
That's why he grabbed the Uganda offer

1568
01:18:04,076 --> 01:18:06,114
which would have been, hopefully,

1569
01:18:06,114 --> 01:18:08,110
a temporary solution

1570
01:18:08,110 --> 01:18:09,551
for

1571
01:18:09,551 --> 01:18:12,878
the Jews of Russia in particular.

1572
01:18:12,878 --> 01:18:14,178
-  David Lloyd George,

1573
01:18:14,178 --> 01:18:17,560
a prominent lawyer and a future
Prime Minister of England

1574
01:18:17,560 --> 01:18:19,725
was engaged to draft a Jewish land chart

1575
01:18:19,725 --> 01:18:22,562
for Uganda in time for Herzl to present it

1576
01:18:22,562 --> 01:18:25,838
at the upcoming sixth Zionist Congress.

1577
01:18:25,838 --> 01:18:27,378
As this was unfolding Herzl

1578
01:18:27,378 --> 01:18:29,779
made one of his boldest moves yet.

1579
01:18:29,779 --> 01:18:31,902
He approached Tsarist Russia

1580
01:18:31,902 --> 01:18:35,338
for a meeting to convince it
to allow its Jews to leave,

1581
01:18:35,338 --> 01:18:37,237
and to exert pressure on the Turks

1582
01:18:37,237 --> 01:18:40,397
to allow some form of Jewish
autonomy in Palestine.

1583
01:18:40,397 --> 01:18:43,052
(crowd murmuring)

1584
01:18:43,052 --> 01:18:45,087
The Russians had been harshly criticized

1585
01:18:45,087 --> 01:18:47,752
around the world for the Kishinev pogrom,

1586
01:18:47,752 --> 01:18:50,310
and the Tsarist government
agreed to the meeting

1587
01:18:50,310 --> 01:18:53,558
hoping that it would
help repair its image.

1588
01:18:53,558 --> 01:18:57,718
Herzl arrived in St.
Petersburg in early August 1903

1589
01:18:57,718 --> 01:19:00,231
meeting with Count Wenzel von Plehve

1590
01:19:00,231 --> 01:19:02,852
the Tsar's Minister of the Interior.

1591
01:19:02,852 --> 01:19:05,978
Russian Zionists who
viewed Count von Plehve

1592
01:19:05,978 --> 01:19:09,592
as the butcher of Kishinev were furious.

1593
01:19:09,592 --> 01:19:11,735
Von Plehve made no secret about

1594
01:19:11,735 --> 01:19:14,383
how he viewed the Jewish people.

1595
01:19:14,383 --> 01:19:17,311
-  The Jews are an
alien element in our society.

1596
01:19:17,311 --> 01:19:20,372
We are justified to suppress them.

1597
01:19:20,372 --> 01:19:21,456
-  The Count explained that

1598
01:19:21,456 --> 01:19:24,072
he was eager to see a
Jewish state established

1599
01:19:24,072 --> 01:19:26,803
so that Russia could get rid of its Jews.

1600
01:19:26,803 --> 01:19:29,309
After almost a week of meetings

1601
01:19:29,309 --> 01:19:32,260
Herzl was given a letter from the Tsar

1602
01:19:32,260 --> 01:19:34,712
formally pledging the Russian government's

1603
01:19:34,712 --> 01:19:38,629
support for the Zionist
cause on one condition.

1604
01:19:40,062 --> 01:19:42,575
That the movement must encourage Jews

1605
01:19:42,575 --> 01:19:44,654
to move from Russia to Palestine

1606
01:19:44,654 --> 01:19:48,017
as soon as the homeland is established.

1607
01:19:48,017 --> 01:19:52,808
(train whistle blowing)
(fun music)

1608
01:19:52,808 --> 01:19:54,448
Herzl departed from St. Petersburg

1609
01:19:54,448 --> 01:19:56,962
stopping overnight in Vilna

1610
01:19:56,962 --> 01:20:00,003
a city renowned for its Talmudic scholars

1611
01:20:00,003 --> 01:20:03,789
known as the Jerusalem of Lithuania.

1612
01:20:03,789 --> 01:20:07,369
(train clanging)
Hundreds of Jews converged

1613
01:20:07,369 --> 01:20:11,225
upon its train station
crying Herzl, Herzl,

1614
01:20:11,225 --> 01:20:13,740
and long live the King.

1615
01:20:13,740 --> 01:20:16,012
Vilna's aged Chief Rabbi hailed him

1616
01:20:16,012 --> 01:20:19,429
as the greatest son of the Jewish people.

1617
01:20:20,404 --> 01:20:22,354
Herzl was then taken to a private dinner

1618
01:20:22,354 --> 01:20:26,266
in a small village almost an hour away.

1619
01:20:26,266 --> 01:20:28,215
Young Zionists walked all the way

1620
01:20:28,215 --> 01:20:30,798
from Vilna just to be near him.

1621
01:20:31,641 --> 01:20:33,675
When he returned to the
city later that night,

1622
01:20:33,675 --> 01:20:36,688
despite a heavy rain,
crowds lined the streets

1623
01:20:36,688 --> 01:20:39,667
to cheer him from the
balconies as he passed by.

1624
01:20:39,667 --> 01:20:42,500
(crowd murmuring)

1625
01:20:46,028 --> 01:20:47,858
Less than a week later the sixth

1626
01:20:47,858 --> 01:20:51,344
Zionist Congress opened in Basel.

1627
01:20:51,344 --> 01:20:54,071
There were now almost 600 delegates.

1628
01:20:54,071 --> 01:20:56,711
A testament to the huge
growth of the movement

1629
01:20:56,711 --> 01:20:59,461
since the first congress in 1897.

1630
01:21:00,700 --> 01:21:04,408
Those assembled were shocked
at Herzl's physical appearance.

1631
01:21:04,408 --> 01:21:05,969
The strain of the last year was

1632
01:21:05,969 --> 01:21:09,500
evident on his lined
face, his bent posture,

1633
01:21:09,500 --> 01:21:13,000
and his predominantly gray hair and beard.

1634
01:21:15,265 --> 01:21:18,165
The stress would only increase for Herzl

1635
01:21:18,165 --> 01:21:21,308
as the Uganda plan was
announced to the congress.

1636
01:21:21,308 --> 01:21:22,175
-  The British government

1637
01:21:22,175 --> 01:21:26,466
is fully aware of our movement's
ultimate aims in Palestine.

1638
01:21:26,466 --> 01:21:29,024
Uganda will never be Zion.

1639
01:21:29,024 --> 01:21:32,864
It will serve as a provisional
site for colonization.

1640
01:21:32,864 --> 01:21:35,437
-  Russian Zionists
who were already angry

1641
01:21:35,437 --> 01:21:37,761
about his meeting with Count von Plehve

1642
01:21:37,761 --> 01:21:41,461
threatened a hunger strike if
the Uganda proposal passed.

1643
01:21:41,461 --> 01:21:45,084
Cries of traitor could
be heard in the hall.

1644
01:21:45,084 --> 01:21:48,673
One of the strongest protests
came from Chaim Weizmann

1645
01:21:48,673 --> 01:21:49,718
the young chemist who had become

1646
01:21:49,718 --> 01:21:52,385
a leader in the Russian faction.

1647
01:21:53,617 --> 01:21:56,133
Herzl was devastated.

1648
01:21:56,133 --> 01:22:00,680
A diary entry during the
congress was full of despair.

1649
01:22:00,680 --> 01:22:04,124
-  My heart is
palpitating from fatigue.

1650
01:22:04,124 --> 01:22:05,662
Not for a single moment did it occur

1651
01:22:05,662 --> 01:22:07,426
to any of them that for these

1652
01:22:07,426 --> 01:22:09,937
greatest of all accomplishments to date

1653
01:22:09,937 --> 01:22:13,604
I deserve a word of
thanks, or even a smile.

1654
01:22:15,281 --> 01:22:17,445
-  Max Nordau rallied the forces

1655
01:22:17,445 --> 01:22:20,420
behind the Zionist leader convincing many

1656
01:22:20,420 --> 01:22:23,277
that Uganda could be a useful way station,

1657
01:22:23,277 --> 01:22:26,027
and could help save Jewish lives.

1658
01:22:26,968 --> 01:22:29,624
In the end a watered down proposal

1659
01:22:29,624 --> 01:22:31,223
calling only for the dispatching of

1660
01:22:31,223 --> 01:22:35,390
an expedition of experts to
investigate Uganda was passed.

1661
01:22:36,261 --> 01:22:38,048
In his closing speech Herzl

1662
01:22:38,048 --> 01:22:41,287
acknowledged the controversy over Uganda.

1663
01:22:41,287 --> 01:22:43,410
-  I proposed
an expedient to you

1664
01:22:43,410 --> 01:22:45,639
and having learned to know your hearts

1665
01:22:45,639 --> 01:22:48,857
I also want to offer you
a word of consolation

1666
01:22:48,857 --> 01:22:52,482
which is at once a pledge on my part.

1667
01:22:52,482 --> 01:22:54,652
-  He then
raised his right hand,

1668
01:22:54,652 --> 01:22:56,410
and proclaimed--

1669
01:22:56,410 --> 01:22:59,245
-  If I forget
thee, oh Jerusalem,

1670
01:22:59,245 --> 01:23:02,162
may my right hand lose its cunning.

1671
01:23:03,856 --> 01:23:05,202
-  Following the congress

1672
01:23:05,202 --> 01:23:07,526
Herzl traveled to Italy to meet with,

1673
01:23:07,526 --> 01:23:11,554
and garner the support of,
King Victor Emmanuel the third.

1674
01:23:11,554 --> 01:23:13,159
He was also granted an audience at the

1675
01:23:13,159 --> 01:23:15,909
Vatican with Pope Pius the tenth.

1676
01:23:16,845 --> 01:23:19,380
Speaking in halting Italian Herzl

1677
01:23:19,380 --> 01:23:21,802
asked for the Pope's good will.

1678
01:23:21,802 --> 01:23:23,820
The Pope responded that the Church

1679
01:23:23,820 --> 01:23:26,237
could not approve of Zionism.

1680
01:23:27,361 --> 01:23:28,287
-  We cannot prevent the

1681
01:23:28,287 --> 01:23:30,576
Hebrews from going to Jerusalem,

1682
01:23:30,576 --> 01:23:32,617
but we could never sanction it.

1683
01:23:32,617 --> 01:23:35,301
The Hebrews have not recognized our Lord

1684
01:23:35,301 --> 01:23:38,926
therefore we cannot
recognize the Hebrew people.

1685
01:23:38,926 --> 01:23:40,460
If you come to Palestine

1686
01:23:40,460 --> 01:23:43,097
and settle your people
there we shall keep churches

1687
01:23:43,097 --> 01:23:46,970
and priests ready to baptize all of them.

1688
01:23:46,970 --> 01:23:49,028
(tense music)
- Returning to Vienna,

1689
01:23:49,028 --> 01:23:53,046
Herzl's health began
to deteriorate rapidly.

1690
01:23:53,046 --> 01:23:57,656
To a friend he remarked that
his days might be numbered.

1691
01:23:57,656 --> 01:24:01,336
-  It was my
mistake that I began too late.

1692
01:24:01,336 --> 01:24:02,809
If you knew how much I suffer

1693
01:24:02,809 --> 01:24:05,199
at the thought of the lost years

1694
01:24:05,199 --> 01:24:08,489
that I did not approach my task sooner.

1695
01:24:08,489 --> 01:24:12,768
If my health were as good as
my will all would be well,

1696
01:24:12,768 --> 01:24:16,417
but one cannot buy back lost years.

1697
01:24:16,417 --> 01:24:20,148
-  By May, not
long after his 44th birthday,

1698
01:24:20,148 --> 01:24:22,490
his condition had become so critical

1699
01:24:22,490 --> 01:24:26,657
that his doctors ordered him
to a sanitarium in Bohemia.

1700
01:24:28,102 --> 01:24:31,172
During his stay he wrote
a letter to his wife

1701
01:24:31,172 --> 01:24:34,401
with whom he had made
peace during the last year.

1702
01:24:34,401 --> 01:24:35,432
- I know well that I
(calm music)

1703
01:24:35,432 --> 01:24:37,565
will not find a better one than you

1704
01:24:37,565 --> 01:24:41,630
dear, brave mother of
my precious children.

1705
01:24:41,630 --> 01:24:45,797
I wish, dear one, that we
were both in better health.

1706
01:24:47,256 --> 01:24:48,916
-  A month later his doctors

1707
01:24:48,916 --> 01:24:51,283
transferred him to a clinic in Austria

1708
01:24:51,283 --> 01:24:54,629
not far from where he
and Julie were married.

1709
01:24:54,629 --> 01:24:57,058
His wife sat with him day and night.

1710
01:24:57,058 --> 01:24:58,885
(birds chirping)
His friend,

1711
01:24:58,885 --> 01:25:01,025
and former nemesis, Herman Bahr

1712
01:25:01,025 --> 01:25:04,168
arrived and took him for
walks on the terrace.

1713
01:25:04,168 --> 01:25:06,770
The Reverend Hechler also came to visit

1714
01:25:06,770 --> 01:25:09,119
sitting at his bedside promising Herzl

1715
01:25:09,119 --> 01:25:11,561
that he would once again go to Palestine

1716
01:25:11,561 --> 01:25:14,874
and see Jerusalem from
the Mount of Olives.

1717
01:25:14,874 --> 01:25:17,461
Young Zionists had
assembled outside the clinic

1718
01:25:17,461 --> 01:25:20,101
standing guard over their leader.

1719
01:25:20,101 --> 01:25:22,716
Noticing them he commented.

1720
01:25:22,716 --> 01:25:24,786
-  They're
marvelous, good people.

1721
01:25:24,786 --> 01:25:26,554
My compatriots.

1722
01:25:26,554 --> 01:25:31,497
You shall see they shall enter
the promised land one day.

1723
01:25:31,497 --> 01:25:33,354
(calm music)
- The end, when it came on

1724
01:25:33,354 --> 01:25:35,521
July 3rd, 1904 was sudden.

1725
01:25:36,474 --> 01:25:39,368
Herzl groaned and his head fell back.

1726
01:25:39,368 --> 01:25:44,308
He was dead just two months
after his 44th birthday.

1727
01:25:44,308 --> 01:25:46,006
The news of Theodor Herzl's death

1728
01:25:46,006 --> 01:25:49,442
created a shockwave around the world.

1729
01:25:49,442 --> 01:25:51,467
Herzl's passing was major news

1730
01:25:51,467 --> 01:25:54,408
in both mainstream and Jewish newspapers.

1731
01:25:54,408 --> 01:25:58,182
He was hailed as one of the
greatest figures of the century.

1732
01:25:58,182 --> 01:26:00,285
The Neue Freie Presse, for whom Herzl

1733
01:26:00,285 --> 01:26:02,812
had toiled for almost 20 years,

1734
01:26:02,812 --> 01:26:05,297
devoted its front page to an obituary

1735
01:26:05,297 --> 01:26:08,746
that went into detail about
his literary achievements,

1736
01:26:08,746 --> 01:26:11,912
and his work as a foreign correspondent.

1737
01:26:11,912 --> 01:26:13,579
It reduced his Zionist activities

1738
01:26:13,579 --> 01:26:16,829
to just two small sentences at the end.

1739
01:26:18,253 --> 01:26:20,698
Tens of thousands of letters and telegrams

1740
01:26:20,698 --> 01:26:24,865
expressing condolences arrived
at his home and office.

1741
01:26:25,975 --> 01:26:28,769
Chaim Weizmann who less
than a year earlier

1742
01:26:28,769 --> 01:26:30,348
was criticizing Herzl from the

1743
01:26:30,348 --> 01:26:32,834
podium at the Zionist Congress

1744
01:26:32,834 --> 01:26:36,628
wrote to his wife Vera about
what the loss meant to him.

1745
01:26:36,628 --> 01:26:37,624
-  At this moment all the

1746
01:26:37,624 --> 01:26:40,939
differences between us have disappeared,

1747
01:26:40,939 --> 01:26:43,343
and I only have the image of a great,

1748
01:26:43,343 --> 01:26:46,517
creative worker in front of my eyes.

1749
01:26:46,517 --> 01:26:48,152
-  And in the shtetl of Plonsk,

1750
01:26:48,152 --> 01:26:50,607
an 18 year old David Grun,

1751
01:26:50,607 --> 01:26:53,006
who would soon leave for Palestine,

1752
01:26:53,006 --> 01:26:56,534
was grief stricken but
resolute at the same time.

1753
01:26:56,534 --> 01:26:57,857
-  What a loss.

1754
01:26:57,857 --> 01:26:59,875
Nevertheless, today, more than ever

1755
01:26:59,875 --> 01:27:01,915
I believe we shall succeed.

1756
01:27:01,915 --> 01:27:03,342
I know the day will come.

1757
01:27:03,342 --> 01:27:04,947
It is not far.

1758
01:27:04,947 --> 01:27:08,208
When we will return to the wonderful land.

1759
01:27:08,208 --> 01:27:09,411
-  Thousands converged

1760
01:27:09,411 --> 01:27:11,423
upon Vienna for the funeral.

1761
01:27:11,423 --> 01:27:14,518
It was one of the biggest
the city had ever seen.

1762
01:27:14,518 --> 01:27:18,474
Herzl had written that he
wanted a poor man's ceremony.

1763
01:27:18,474 --> 01:27:20,801
No flowers or speeches,

1764
01:27:20,801 --> 01:27:23,009
but that was not to be the case.

1765
01:27:23,009 --> 01:27:26,795
Some 6,000 people walked
behind the hearse.

1766
01:27:26,795 --> 01:27:30,872
The funeral services
lasted for several hours.

1767
01:27:30,872 --> 01:27:34,404
Herzl's 13 year old son
Hans read the Kaddish,

1768
01:27:34,404 --> 01:27:37,703
the Jewish memorial
prayer, at his open grave.

1769
01:27:37,703 --> 01:27:40,773
The Zionist leader asked to
be buried next to his father

1770
01:27:40,773 --> 01:27:43,583
until the day when the Jewish people

1771
01:27:43,583 --> 01:27:46,333
transfer my remains to Palestine.

1772
01:27:48,516 --> 01:27:51,319
Theodor Herzl's request
was finally carried out

1773
01:27:51,319 --> 01:27:53,402
on August the 16th, 1949.

1774
01:27:54,461 --> 01:27:57,704
His remains were taken from
Vienna's Dobling cemetery,

1775
01:27:57,704 --> 01:28:01,939
and flown, not to Palestine,
but to the state of Israel

1776
01:28:01,939 --> 01:28:05,329
declared on May the 14th, 1948.

1777
01:28:05,329 --> 01:28:07,172
A little more than 50 years after

1778
01:28:07,172 --> 01:28:09,341
the Zionist leader's prediction

1779
01:28:09,341 --> 01:28:11,270
in the diary entry he wrote upon

1780
01:28:11,270 --> 01:28:14,758
concluding the first Zionist Congress.

1781
01:28:14,758 --> 01:28:16,423
Signing the executive order for the

1782
01:28:16,423 --> 01:28:18,795
transfer and reburial of the remains

1783
01:28:18,795 --> 01:28:22,650
on the newly named Mount
Herzl was David Ben-Gurion

1784
01:28:22,650 --> 01:28:25,458
formerly known as David Grun.

1785
01:28:25,458 --> 01:28:27,413
The little boy from Plonsk had

1786
01:28:27,413 --> 01:28:30,449
become Israel's first Prime Minister.

1787
01:28:30,449 --> 01:28:33,776
Also officiating at the
ceremony was the former chemist

1788
01:28:33,776 --> 01:28:36,796
and Russian Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann.

1789
01:28:36,796 --> 01:28:39,879
He'd become Israel's first President.

1790
01:28:41,814 --> 01:28:43,178
Much had happened in the four

1791
01:28:43,178 --> 01:28:46,732
and a half decades since
Herzl's untimely passing.

1792
01:28:46,732 --> 01:28:48,772
Tragedy had struck his family as

1793
01:28:48,772 --> 01:28:52,272
his wife died in 1907, his mother in 1911,

1794
01:28:53,220 --> 01:28:54,571
and two of his children,

1795
01:28:54,571 --> 01:28:56,245
and his only grandchild were lost

1796
01:28:56,245 --> 01:28:58,386
to suicide in 1930,

1797
01:28:58,386 --> 01:28:59,763
1931,

1798
01:28:59,763 --> 01:29:00,596
and 1946.

1799
01:29:01,783 --> 01:29:03,682
His youngest child, Trude,

1800
01:29:03,682 --> 01:29:05,246
was murdered by the Nazis in

1801
01:29:05,246 --> 01:29:07,829
Theresien during the Holocaust.

1802
01:29:08,668 --> 01:29:10,870
In 1917 the Zionist movement's

1803
01:29:10,870 --> 01:29:12,996
former lawyer in Great Britain,

1804
01:29:12,996 --> 01:29:14,997
Prime Minister David Lloyd George,

1805
01:29:14,997 --> 01:29:17,608
approved the Balfour Declaration.

1806
01:29:17,608 --> 01:29:19,367
It called for the establishment of a

1807
01:29:19,367 --> 01:29:21,850
Jewish national home in Palestine

1808
01:29:21,850 --> 01:29:23,249
for which the British were given a

1809
01:29:23,249 --> 01:29:27,416
League of Nations mandate
after World War One in 1919.

1810
01:29:28,643 --> 01:29:31,388
But bowing to pressure from the Arab world

1811
01:29:31,388 --> 01:29:33,505
the British never fulfilled their promise

1812
01:29:33,505 --> 01:29:35,872
to create a Jewish national home,

1813
01:29:35,872 --> 01:29:38,468
and placed strict limits
on the amount of Jews

1814
01:29:38,468 --> 01:29:41,196
allowed to immigrate to Palestine.

1815
01:29:41,196 --> 01:29:44,189
Many would later ask would six million

1816
01:29:44,189 --> 01:29:45,980
European Jewish men, women,

1817
01:29:45,980 --> 01:29:48,919
and children who perished
during the Shoah,

1818
01:29:48,919 --> 01:29:51,152
which Herzl had long feared,

1819
01:29:51,152 --> 01:29:55,465
been saved had the doors
to Palestine been opened?

1820
01:29:55,465 --> 01:29:58,231
(birds chirping)

1821
01:29:58,231 --> 01:30:00,921
(birds chirping)

1822
01:30:00,921 --> 01:30:03,720
(birds chirping)

1823
01:30:03,720 --> 01:30:06,478
(birds chirping)

1824
01:30:06,478 --> 01:30:10,050
(birds chirping)

1825
01:30:10,050 --> 01:30:11,614
- The great Jewish people

1826
01:30:11,614 --> 01:30:13,138
that are living in their spa

1827
01:30:13,138 --> 01:30:15,388
began to justify their spa.

1828
01:30:17,261 --> 01:30:19,473
And Herzl says no.

1829
01:30:19,473 --> 01:30:21,893
They didn't like the idea.

1830
01:30:21,893 --> 01:30:24,016
It wasn't only religious.

1831
01:30:24,016 --> 01:30:26,341
The problem is that the spa created

1832
01:30:26,341 --> 01:30:30,019
a, I suppose, spirit before we can say so

1833
01:30:30,019 --> 01:30:31,338
and Herzl says no.

1834
01:30:31,338 --> 01:30:33,855
You can be Kings, you can be independent,

1835
01:30:33,855 --> 01:30:36,358
you can be our own state.

1836
01:30:36,358 --> 01:30:40,525
Since the Holocaust they looked
upon Israel as a shelter.

1837
01:30:41,628 --> 01:30:46,003
As a place where the Jewish
people can feel safer.

1838
01:30:46,003 --> 01:30:48,845
Time has come now to look upon Israel

1839
01:30:48,845 --> 01:30:51,595
not as a shelter but as a magnet.

1840
01:30:52,680 --> 01:30:55,319
And there are great things in Israel.

1841
01:30:55,319 --> 01:30:57,298
The land without water,

1842
01:30:57,298 --> 01:31:01,298
without territory, without
any natural resources

1843
01:31:02,236 --> 01:31:05,903
becomes such a great
success in agriculture.

1844
01:31:07,288 --> 01:31:09,788
We are a superpower in hiding,

1845
01:31:11,043 --> 01:31:15,210
and this country, every day,
is changing for the better.

1846
01:31:17,967 --> 01:31:21,800
Jews without miracles
will never be a miracle.

1847
01:31:22,889 --> 01:31:25,059
Certainly there are more miracles,

1848
01:31:25,059 --> 01:31:28,059
and he was the carrier of the dream.

1849
01:31:30,647 --> 01:31:32,859
(calm music)
= When the prophet Jeremiah

1850
01:31:32,859 --> 01:31:34,943
was imprisoned for having prophesized

1851
01:31:34,943 --> 01:31:37,921
the destruction of Jerusalem
by the Babylonians,

1852
01:31:37,921 --> 01:31:40,149
and the fall of the city had begun

1853
01:31:40,149 --> 01:31:42,350
a vision came to him that he would be

1854
01:31:42,350 --> 01:31:45,355
approached by a relative
to buy land there,

1855
01:31:45,355 --> 01:31:47,520
and that he should immediately agree.

1856
01:31:47,520 --> 01:31:50,289
In the vision the God
of Israel promised him

1857
01:31:50,289 --> 01:31:52,798
houses, fields, and vineyards will

1858
01:31:52,798 --> 01:31:55,681
yet be aught in this land.

1859
01:31:55,681 --> 01:31:58,516
There will again be heard in this place

1860
01:31:58,516 --> 01:32:00,004
in the cities of Judah,

1861
01:32:00,004 --> 01:32:03,000
and in the streets of
Jerusalem, the sound of joy,

1862
01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:06,081
the sound of gladness,
the sound of the groom

1863
01:32:06,081 --> 01:32:07,823
and the sound of the bride will

1864
01:32:07,823 --> 01:32:10,063
again be heard in this place.

1865
01:32:10,063 --> 01:32:13,247
In those days I will administer justice

1866
01:32:13,247 --> 01:32:16,162
and righteousness in the land.

1867
01:32:16,162 --> 01:32:18,083
At the end of the Jewish state

1868
01:32:18,083 --> 01:32:20,603
Theodor Herzl envisioned what his dream

1869
01:32:20,603 --> 01:32:23,324
would bring not only to the Jewish people,

1870
01:32:23,324 --> 01:32:24,741
but to the world.

1871
01:32:26,371 --> 01:32:28,226
- What glory awaits those
(elated music)

1872
01:32:28,226 --> 01:32:31,463
who fight unselfishly for the cause?

1873
01:32:31,463 --> 01:32:33,972
I believe that a wondrous
generation of Jews

1874
01:32:33,972 --> 01:32:36,284
will spring into existence.

1875
01:32:36,284 --> 01:32:39,074
We shall live as free men on our own soil,

1876
01:32:39,074 --> 01:32:42,609
and die peacefully in our own homes,

1877
01:32:42,609 --> 01:32:44,770
and whatever we attempt to accomplish

1878
01:32:44,770 --> 01:32:48,056
for our own welfare will react powerfully

1879
01:32:48,056 --> 01:32:51,326
and beneficially for the good of humanity.

1880
01:32:51,326 --> 01:32:54,177
The world will be freed by our liberty,

1881
01:32:54,177 --> 01:32:56,149
enriched by our wealth,

1882
01:32:56,149 --> 01:32:58,399
magnified by our greatness.

1883
01:36:23,402 --> 01:36:26,235
(Multicom jingle)